The Importance Of Global Terrorism - 789 Words

The Global Terrorism Sanctions block, with certain exceptions, all property and interests in property of certain foreign persons that are in the United States, that come within the United States, or that come within the possession or control of U.S. persons, including their overseas branches. The sanctions also prohibit any transaction with or dealing with a U.S. person or within the United States in property or interests in property blocked under the Order. Also, any transaction by a U.S. person or a person within the United States that evades or avoids or attempts to evade or avoid the prohibitions in the Order is also prohibited. The USA PATRIOT Act, (Pub. L. 107-56, October 26, 2001), the primary piece of legislation to emerge after†¦show more content†¦government to protect global commerce from terrorism, developed to enhance and maintain security procedures throughout the global supply chain. Under the program, importing companies create policies to enhance their own security practices and those of their business partners involved in the supply chain. Upon the effective implementation of their policies, imports by these businesses are subject to expedited processing at entry. Companies who elect to participate will undergo a C-TPAT validation, which is not a Customs audit, but a process under which Customs meets with company representatives and potentially visits selected domestic and foreign sites to examine the companys security profile to verify that specific supply chain security measures are accurate and are being followed. Through the program, Customs envisions enhancing partnerships, sharing best practices, and cooperatively developing solutions to potential vulnerabilities, to enhance overall border security against international terrorism. Effective December 2, 2002, this rule requires carriers to submit a cargo declaration 24 hours before cargo aboard the vessel at a foreign port. Enforcement of the rule began on February 2, 2003. On May 4, 2003, Customs began to issue Do Not Load messages for certain cargo that has an invalid or incomplete cargo description. This process is a change from initial enforcement actions that focused only on major departures fromShow MoreRelatedTerrorism During The Vietnam War826 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the last couple decades, terrorism has become a prominent issue. With the emergence of major terrorist groups stirring up trouble, such as in the Middle East, many people live in fear of these emerging threats. Throughout Vietnam’s long history, there have been many cases of terrorism. During the Vietnam War, the US and other western nations committed many atrocious acts of terror against the Vietnamese population. In 1968, one of the worst acts of terrorism, the My Lai Mass acre, occurred inRead MoreIndonesi A Successful Model Of A Muslim Nation Practicing Democracy1489 Words   |  6 PagesIndonesia to America and regional effect on its Southeast Asian neighbors more in-depth. Indonesia plays a significant role to the United States’ ability to having a presence in the Southeast Asia region in the future. The United States realizes the importance of long-term commitments between the two countries, which is evident by the US agreements with Indonesia such as the Comprehensive Partnership Agreement (CPA). The US-Indonesian Comprehensive Partnership Agreement solidifies the bilateral partnershipRead MoreHow To Combat Terrorist Bombing After 9 / 11, 2001?901 Words   |  4 Pagessuppress terrorism and terrorist financing,† criminalize support for terrorist acts and freeze funds. The Resolution required the states to implement domestic legislation, deny safe havens, and criminalize terrorism by obligating all members to implement the 1997 Convention on the Suppression of Terrorist Bombing and the 1999 Convention on the Suppression of Terrorist Financing; the treaties had yet not entered into force as of September 11, 2001. The Resolution establis hed the Counter-Terrorism CommissionRead MoreEvidence Of The Changing Roles Of Women In Women And Women984 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific roles and women predominantly provided a support type role (Bakker de Leede, 2015). This was in the form of bearing children or recruiters (Bloom, 2011). This has been evolving with instances of women actively engaging in violent Islamic terrorism (Bloom, 2011). High-profile cases of home-grown radicalisation of females of a British background like that of ‘Samantha Lewthwaite’ and Sally Jones’ could be examples of a new breed of female terrorist (Bakkers de Leede, 2015; Berkowitz LingRead MoreThe Issue Of International Law1695 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Law reflects an effort by states to co-operate and achieve global aims such as safety from crime (including terrorism), whilst respecting individual state sovereignty and maintaining maximum participation of states. How effective is International Law in achieving th is aim? What are the pitfalls and how might these be removed or the effects ameliorated? The term terrorism originated during the French revolution (1789-1799), referring to attempts by the new regime to consolidate itsRead MoreHow Globalization Has Influenced Hollywood Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagesout globalization being included. Globalizations appeal has not passed the tentacles of Hollywood, who has taken advantage of all the hot issues that have come out of globalization so that it can maximize its profits. Topics such as blood diamonds, global warming, and ethnocentrism by other cultures in regard the United States have become popular topics for multi-million dollar movies that are being produced by Hollywood. Hollywood. Movies such as Rocky IV which depicts the cold war in regards to aRead MoreOverview of Terrorism946 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism Terrorism is like a virus in the global world. Everyone has a responsibility to eradicate terrorism. Terrorists has no social responsibility, they can create violence in the world and brings war between countries in the world. Social consciousness, Global rules, Regulations and Economy could make change in stopping terrorism and it should be eradicated by people who see future would be without virus and healthy. First and foremost, the anger is hardly surprising. the terrorist eventRead MoreHandling The War On Terror1037 Words   |  5 PagesHandling the War on Terror The Global War on Terror, or War on Terror, with the United States at the helm, is the second most expensive war in American history, having surpassed $2 trillion. At the same time, little has been accomplished for domestic security or the destruction of terror groups. The United States needs a clear, focused strategy to suppress terrorist groups, while at the same time eliminating the causes for terrorism. I propose a gradual drawdown and closing of US bases and garrisonsRead MoreThe Campaign And Its Mechanism Within Confronting Extremism992 Words   |  4 Pagesideas during the past seven years. After scrutinizing more than 3.500-documented dialogue across the Web, with visitors from 107 countries around the world, we can say that the result is a strong indicator of the success of the campaign at local and global level. This is according to the evidence from the expert of policy and law at Harvard University Dr. Stern reviewed in his article Sakinah Campaign and its mechanism in confronting extremism. As well, a report submitted to the Congress praised theRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pageswith terrorism problem that has a long history in the U.S. Terrorism has been a threat to U.S. security since the 1800. Terrorists continue to use powerful secret communication strategies and unexpected tools to achieve their intention in the U.S. soil. For example, the 9/11 terrorism attack that killed the highest number of American citizens in history succeeded because terrorist used hijacked passenger planes to perform the attack (Lutz and Lutz, 2013). Although the most notorious terrorism activity

Types Of Diplomacy And Combat Terrorism - 979 Words

5 types of diplomacy to combat terrorism The ever-changing nature of terrorism threats have led many states to devise collaborative methods to fight terrorist organizations by adapting regular security assessments and taking counterterrorism measures in order to overcome them. Through diplomacy, many states are searching for advanced support, methods, structures, and tools to combat internal threats and win war against terrorism (Phillips, Neal Webb, 2011). Diplomacy is an instrument of power that can build political will and foster international cooperation. Through diplomatic support, nations can promote counterterrorism assistance that serves mutual interests. In addition, diplomacy can help nations to fight against terrorists by controlling resources that terrorists need. The five common types of diplomacy counterterrorism strategies adopted by the U.S. include trainings, finance control programs, research, terrorist interdiction program, and foreign emergency support program. In training diplomacy, the aim is to train and equip foreign states to fight terrorists within and around their borders. Through these trainings, many states have established effective communication systems and have improved their border-monitoring abilities (Peterson, 2012). In regard to the finance control diplomacy, the U.S. has established a program to help other nations to interrupt and control the flow of funds going to support terrorists operations and to reinforce the financial andShow MoreRelatedThe Chicago School Applied For Terrorism1739 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 3 DB 2 The Chicago School Applied to Terrorism Introduction As we all know, our vision and our hearts were imprinted by the heinous acts of violence on 9/11. The USA was assaulted by terrorist, and these acts of violence’s have continued ever since. It is like cancer, once you think you have parts of it under control it rears its ugly head and sprouts up somewhere else. The USA and other Nations like England fight against terrorism is always an overriding priority for the Department of JusticeRead MoreStrategic Objectives Of The United States Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, I will propose a strategy which the United States (US) can employ to address the security challenges against terrorism in East Africa, specifically Somalia. I will use the Ends, Ways, and Means model to discuss the US strategic objectives, concepts, and resources. First, strategic objectives (or ends) will be developed based on national interests. Second, strategic concepts (or ways) will be presented in order to explain how the strategic objective s can be accomplished. Third, thisRead MorePresident Bushs Response to September 11 and Islamic Radicalism2008 Words   |  9 Pagesof a new type of war for the United States: the war on terror. These events left President George Bush with a complex and troublesome series of decisions to make. Afghanistan is the country harboring the terrorists who orchestrated their attack, yet Afghanistan did not commit the attacks. President Bush needed to make a decision and fast. Should the United States attack a country that harbors terrorism? For President Bush, the answer was as clear as day. In order to combat terrorism domesticallyRead MoreHandling The War On Terror1037 Words   |  5 Pagestrillion. At the same time, little has been accomplished for domestic security or the destruction of terror groups. The United States needs a clear, focused strategy to suppress terrorist groups, while at the same time eliminating the causes for terrorism. I propose a gradual drawdown and closi ng of US bases and garrisons around the world. I also propose a serious global coalition to tackle ISIS, with a clear plan and exit strategy. At the same time, negotiating an agreement cannot be overlooked.Read More Challenges for US Counter-terrorism Efforts Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges for US Counter-terrorism Efforts    As a direct consequence of September 11, a number of substantial challenges lie ahead in the area of counter-terrorism..  Ã‚   The most prominent of these is the changing nature of the terrorism phenomenon.   In past years, when terrorism was largely the product of direct state sponsorship, policymakers were able to diminish prospects for the United States becoming a target using a combination of diplomatic and military instruments to deter potentialRead More`` Prairie View A M University Terrorist Or Freedom Fighter Depends On Which Lens You re Looking Through1437 Words   |  6 Pagesevident that America was now under attack; at this point we knew that the U.S had been a target of terrorist. What is a terrorist, some may say that terrorism is the evil acts of a group or individual geared towards another group that has a political motive but also cause fear among a group of people. That is true but would it be a called terrorism, if you were on the other side of the situation. What if you were fighting for a political change, or religious freedom, or the right to a sovereign stateRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East1245 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause they believe that doing so would be in the best interest of the United States. The importance of Middle Eastern affairs to the United States during the 1960s through the 1980s is apparent with President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger’s diplomacy tactics to prevent Arab-Israeli war and lift the Arab oil embargo, President Jimmy Carter’s peace negotiations during the Camp David Accords, and President Ronald Reagan’s administration’s role in the Iran-Contra Affair. During the early 1970sRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1781 Words   |  8 Pagesand increased crime for a replacement food source resulting in human migration causing instability in a nation or neighboring region. Using a constructivist lens to explain and counteract the deleterious effects of climate change, the U.S. uses diplomacy, information and economic instruments of power to help predict when changes may effect a region and to ensure adequate and suitable preparedness in the event of a natural disaster. Climate change can negatively affect a region in many ways such asRead MoreCyber Warfare : The Threat Of The United State s National Security1313 Words   |  6 Pagesconflict. There are many different categories of warfare. More commonly known types include guerilla warfare, land warfare, aerial warfare, and naval warfare. Although when war is mentioned many minds wander to these forms of warfare, there are others that are not always as obvious. A rapidly growing type of warfare is cyber warfare. Cyber warfare can be defined as attacks from other nations to tap in to or destroy any type of information systems. As many nations race to the top of the technologyRead MoreTerrorism: an International Crisis3783 Words   |  16 PagesTerrorism is a word that tends to strike fear into the hearts of many. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary, terrorism is defined as, political violence: violence or the threat of violence, especially bombing, kidnapping, and assassinatio n, carried out for political purposes (Terrorism, 2006). Its also a word used by leaders of states and NGOs to create polar opposite outcomes. It can either incite people to rise up against those who would try to create fear or it is used to coerce

Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays

Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash.† Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1. reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10.driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc.; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc.; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15. illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;.8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc.; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns  for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc. may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane  markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both.† â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by  driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both.† Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes, Papers Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash. † Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1.  reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10. driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc. ; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc. ; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15.  illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;. 8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc. ; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc.  may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both. † â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both. † Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes, Papers

Economic Responsibility of Hershey Company for CSR- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomic Responsibility of Hershey Company for CSR. Answer: Introduction Economic Social Responsibility can be defined as ensuring that a company attains economic profitability for itself and ensuring that there are economic benefits in the communities it has its various business activities. Clark Maurice, (1916) contributed that economic responsibility from the social stand-point isnt basically concerned with the self-reliance and self-dependence but with interdependency. Many companies today have stressed so much on practicing corporate social responsibility as it has more social benefits than costs. This paper evaluates the economic responsibility of Hershey Company and the benefits the company has accrued from practicing CSR. Economic Responsibility of Hershey Company According to Hershey Company, (2016, p.5), in order to achieve a successful business, theres need to have a responsibility model that ensures theres a positive impact of the companys business operations in its communities. They have stated in their CSR policy that they have a culture of producing high quality products that are environmentally sustainable. The company publishes report on progress of its CSR each year on its website. In the companys annual report in fiscal year 2016, in regard to the economical social responsibility, its noted that one of efforts of the company is to ensure theres increased investments in the communities it operates in. As per the definition of economical responsibility described above, this is one of the essential parts whereby the company ensures theres increased economical activity in the communities where it carries out its business activities. In the most recent published CSR report for the fiscal year 2015, Hershey Company, (2016, p.2) states tha t they have a well structured growth to ensure that the companys brand gain customer loyalty. They have been forced to make certain adjustments in recognition of the changes in the economy in most parts especially in Asia so that the company can continue being profitable. One of these changes included reorganization. Fair Trade Practices of Hershey Company As one of the factors that determine the effectiveness of economic responsibility, Hershey Company has over the years practiced fair trade. The company had presented that increasing prices may not be the best solution to absorbing the possible high costs of materials and energy. By increasing the selling prices, the cost may be reduced but the customers purchasing power decreases which would result in decreased sales volume. Theres therefore emphasis on strategic pricing and fair trade. The company founded that it operates in a very competitive market and the best thing they do in order to compete well is to enhance product development. (Hershey Company, 2016. P. 7) A company thats very much concerned with increasing profitability, ensuring fair trade practices, achieving consumer purchasing power and value may be said to be practicing a well structured economic responsibility. Shahzad and Sillanp, (2013) argued that corporate social responsibility includes making a company economically profitable. They further argued that fair trade practices help the company support the producers (farmers in this case), and in raising awareness for going global. It enables the company ensure that the farmers, suppliers and the employees in this case have attained high economic self-sufficiency. The firm is also able to improve the working and living standards of its workers. As for the consumers, it ensures that they are able to get the various product they need and in fair prices. (p. 240). This is what the Hershey Company has practices over the years and it has benefited the company through improved public image. Responsible Sourcing of Hershey Company In order to ensure successful economic benefits, the company has further ensured that the products meet the needs of the consumer and ensure that the living standards of the farmers and suppliers are improved. In order to be economically responsible, a company has to take into consideration the economic wellness of the suppliers and producers of its raw materials. This is referred to as responsible sourcing. The company under this strategy has influenced improved infrastructure for the farmers, development of support programs to enhance the livelihoods of the supplier and farmers, and provided primary education and training for the children and farmers respectively. Hershey Company has had great efforts in promoting the Cocoa farming in Mexico with a motive of improving the economic wellness of the community and this has impacted greatly on the lives of the farmers and suppliers of the product. According to Chorn et al. (2010) economic responsibility aim to increase economic value fo r all stakeholders involved in bringing products and services to market. (p. 2) From the economic part of it, it can be observed that Hershey Company is one of the companies that lay much emphasis on the social economic impacts of its strategies. In the companys annual report 2016, one of the greatest challenges is the economic changes. Hershey Company, (2016) maintains that economic market conditions are a threat to the financial performance of the firm. In order to overcome this challenge, the company has therefore over the years strived to build social and economic development initiatives that benefit both the consumers, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders. Benefits of Sustainable Economic Responsibility to Hershey Company As reported by Business Wire, (2013) the Hershey Company had been recognized as one of the top 100 companies in America that has achieved high corporate social responsibility. Some of the benefits that the company has enjoyed as a result include maintaining of highly skilled workforce, increasing its profitability, customer loyalty has been enhanced greatly, it has achieved a good public image, and it has improved the shareholders value. One of the motives behind practicing economic responsibility is to ensure profit maximization. In addition to this, it can also be argued that economic responsibility does have benefits that outweigh the costs. McWilliams et al, (2006, p. 9) argues that the social economic benefits can exceed the costs of the firm. Its can be further argued that economic responsibility reduces the conflict of interest in that the managers of a company like those of Hershey Company are more concerned with increasing profitability to achieve high shareholder value rather than doing things for their own economic-interests. Schreck, (2009) justify that the economic conflict of interest is lowered as managers see the economic benefits of the CSR to the shareholders and would not worry about the possible costs of CSR on the shareholders value. It can be noted in the case of Hershey Company that the firm is in a good financial and profitability condition. Conclusion Economical Social Responsibility for Hershey Company has proved to have benefited the company greatly. In general, Hershey Companys CSR has taken the company into the height of being recognized as one of the best companies that has a good practice of CSR. The profitability of the company as well as the public image of the firm has been greatly impacted. The paper founded that the benefits of economic responsibility of Hershey Company outweighs the costs. References Business Wire. (2013). The Hershey Company recognized as one of Americas 100 bestcorporate citizens. Retrieved from https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130412005450/en/Hershey-Company-Recognized-America%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98100-Corporate-Citizens%E2%80%99 Chorn, B., Sisco, C., Pruzan-Jorgensen, P.M. (2010). The business case for supply chain sustainability. BSR. Clark, M. (1916). The changing basis of economic responsibility: Journal of Political Economy. 24, 3, pp. 2009-229. Hershey Company, (2016). The Hershey Company annual report. Retrieved from https://www.annualreports.com/Company/hershey-co Hershey Company, (2016). 2015 corporate social responsibility report. Retrieved from https://www.thehersheycompany.com/en_us/responsibility.html McWilliams, A., Siegel, D.S., Wright, P.M. (2006). Corporate social responsibility:Strategic implications; Journal of Management Studies. 43, 1, pp. 1-18. Schreck, P. (2009). The economic impact of social responsibility; The business case for corporate social responsibility. Heidelberg; Germany: Physica-verla. Shahzad, K., Sillanp, I. (2013). The role of fair trade in developing corporate social responsibility: An empirical examination based on multiple cases. Phuket; Thailand