The Importance Of Global Terrorism - 789 Words

The Global Terrorism Sanctions block, with certain exceptions, all property and interests in property of certain foreign persons that are in the United States, that come within the United States, or that come within the possession or control of U.S. persons, including their overseas branches. The sanctions also prohibit any transaction with or dealing with a U.S. person or within the United States in property or interests in property blocked under the Order. Also, any transaction by a U.S. person or a person within the United States that evades or avoids or attempts to evade or avoid the prohibitions in the Order is also prohibited. The USA PATRIOT Act, (Pub. L. 107-56, October 26, 2001), the primary piece of legislation to emerge after†¦show more content†¦government to protect global commerce from terrorism, developed to enhance and maintain security procedures throughout the global supply chain. Under the program, importing companies create policies to enhance their own security practices and those of their business partners involved in the supply chain. Upon the effective implementation of their policies, imports by these businesses are subject to expedited processing at entry. Companies who elect to participate will undergo a C-TPAT validation, which is not a Customs audit, but a process under which Customs meets with company representatives and potentially visits selected domestic and foreign sites to examine the companys security profile to verify that specific supply chain security measures are accurate and are being followed. Through the program, Customs envisions enhancing partnerships, sharing best practices, and cooperatively developing solutions to potential vulnerabilities, to enhance overall border security against international terrorism. Effective December 2, 2002, this rule requires carriers to submit a cargo declaration 24 hours before cargo aboard the vessel at a foreign port. Enforcement of the rule began on February 2, 2003. On May 4, 2003, Customs began to issue Do Not Load messages for certain cargo that has an invalid or incomplete cargo description. This process is a change from initial enforcement actions that focused only on major departures fromShow MoreRelatedTerrorism During The Vietnam War826 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the last couple decades, terrorism has become a prominent issue. With the emergence of major terrorist groups stirring up trouble, such as in the Middle East, many people live in fear of these emerging threats. Throughout Vietnam’s long history, there have been many cases of terrorism. During the Vietnam War, the US and other western nations committed many atrocious acts of terror against the Vietnamese population. In 1968, one of the worst acts of terrorism, the My Lai Mass acre, occurred inRead MoreIndonesi A Successful Model Of A Muslim Nation Practicing Democracy1489 Words   |  6 PagesIndonesia to America and regional effect on its Southeast Asian neighbors more in-depth. Indonesia plays a significant role to the United States’ ability to having a presence in the Southeast Asia region in the future. The United States realizes the importance of long-term commitments between the two countries, which is evident by the US agreements with Indonesia such as the Comprehensive Partnership Agreement (CPA). The US-Indonesian Comprehensive Partnership Agreement solidifies the bilateral partnershipRead MoreHow To Combat Terrorist Bombing After 9 / 11, 2001?901 Words   |  4 Pagessuppress terrorism and terrorist financing,† criminalize support for terrorist acts and freeze funds. The Resolution required the states to implement domestic legislation, deny safe havens, and criminalize terrorism by obligating all members to implement the 1997 Convention on the Suppression of Terrorist Bombing and the 1999 Convention on the Suppression of Terrorist Financing; the treaties had yet not entered into force as of September 11, 2001. The Resolution establis hed the Counter-Terrorism CommissionRead MoreEvidence Of The Changing Roles Of Women In Women And Women984 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific roles and women predominantly provided a support type role (Bakker de Leede, 2015). This was in the form of bearing children or recruiters (Bloom, 2011). This has been evolving with instances of women actively engaging in violent Islamic terrorism (Bloom, 2011). High-profile cases of home-grown radicalisation of females of a British background like that of ‘Samantha Lewthwaite’ and Sally Jones’ could be examples of a new breed of female terrorist (Bakkers de Leede, 2015; Berkowitz LingRead MoreThe Issue Of International Law1695 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Law reflects an effort by states to co-operate and achieve global aims such as safety from crime (including terrorism), whilst respecting individual state sovereignty and maintaining maximum participation of states. How effective is International Law in achieving th is aim? What are the pitfalls and how might these be removed or the effects ameliorated? The term terrorism originated during the French revolution (1789-1799), referring to attempts by the new regime to consolidate itsRead MoreHow Globalization Has Influenced Hollywood Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagesout globalization being included. Globalizations appeal has not passed the tentacles of Hollywood, who has taken advantage of all the hot issues that have come out of globalization so that it can maximize its profits. Topics such as blood diamonds, global warming, and ethnocentrism by other cultures in regard the United States have become popular topics for multi-million dollar movies that are being produced by Hollywood. Hollywood. Movies such as Rocky IV which depicts the cold war in regards to aRead MoreOverview of Terrorism946 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism Terrorism is like a virus in the global world. Everyone has a responsibility to eradicate terrorism. Terrorists has no social responsibility, they can create violence in the world and brings war between countries in the world. Social consciousness, Global rules, Regulations and Economy could make change in stopping terrorism and it should be eradicated by people who see future would be without virus and healthy. First and foremost, the anger is hardly surprising. the terrorist eventRead MoreHandling The War On Terror1037 Words   |  5 PagesHandling the War on Terror The Global War on Terror, or War on Terror, with the United States at the helm, is the second most expensive war in American history, having surpassed $2 trillion. At the same time, little has been accomplished for domestic security or the destruction of terror groups. The United States needs a clear, focused strategy to suppress terrorist groups, while at the same time eliminating the causes for terrorism. I propose a gradual drawdown and closing of US bases and garrisonsRead MoreThe Campaign And Its Mechanism Within Confronting Extremism992 Words   |  4 Pagesideas during the past seven years. After scrutinizing more than 3.500-documented dialogue across the Web, with visitors from 107 countries around the world, we can say that the result is a strong indicator of the success of the campaign at local and global level. This is according to the evidence from the expert of policy and law at Harvard University Dr. Stern reviewed in his article Sakinah Campaign and its mechanism in confronting extremism. As well, a report submitted to the Congress praised theRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pageswith terrorism problem that has a long history in the U.S. Terrorism has been a threat to U.S. security since the 1800. Terrorists continue to use powerful secret communication strategies and unexpected tools to achieve their intention in the U.S. soil. For example, the 9/11 terrorism attack that killed the highest number of American citizens in history succeeded because terrorist used hijacked passenger planes to perform the attack (Lutz and Lutz, 2013). Although the most notorious terrorism activity

Types Of Diplomacy And Combat Terrorism - 979 Words

5 types of diplomacy to combat terrorism The ever-changing nature of terrorism threats have led many states to devise collaborative methods to fight terrorist organizations by adapting regular security assessments and taking counterterrorism measures in order to overcome them. Through diplomacy, many states are searching for advanced support, methods, structures, and tools to combat internal threats and win war against terrorism (Phillips, Neal Webb, 2011). Diplomacy is an instrument of power that can build political will and foster international cooperation. Through diplomatic support, nations can promote counterterrorism assistance that serves mutual interests. In addition, diplomacy can help nations to fight against terrorists by controlling resources that terrorists need. The five common types of diplomacy counterterrorism strategies adopted by the U.S. include trainings, finance control programs, research, terrorist interdiction program, and foreign emergency support program. In training diplomacy, the aim is to train and equip foreign states to fight terrorists within and around their borders. Through these trainings, many states have established effective communication systems and have improved their border-monitoring abilities (Peterson, 2012). In regard to the finance control diplomacy, the U.S. has established a program to help other nations to interrupt and control the flow of funds going to support terrorists operations and to reinforce the financial andShow MoreRelatedThe Chicago School Applied For Terrorism1739 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 3 DB 2 The Chicago School Applied to Terrorism Introduction As we all know, our vision and our hearts were imprinted by the heinous acts of violence on 9/11. The USA was assaulted by terrorist, and these acts of violence’s have continued ever since. It is like cancer, once you think you have parts of it under control it rears its ugly head and sprouts up somewhere else. The USA and other Nations like England fight against terrorism is always an overriding priority for the Department of JusticeRead MoreStrategic Objectives Of The United States Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, I will propose a strategy which the United States (US) can employ to address the security challenges against terrorism in East Africa, specifically Somalia. I will use the Ends, Ways, and Means model to discuss the US strategic objectives, concepts, and resources. First, strategic objectives (or ends) will be developed based on national interests. Second, strategic concepts (or ways) will be presented in order to explain how the strategic objective s can be accomplished. Third, thisRead MorePresident Bushs Response to September 11 and Islamic Radicalism2008 Words   |  9 Pagesof a new type of war for the United States: the war on terror. These events left President George Bush with a complex and troublesome series of decisions to make. Afghanistan is the country harboring the terrorists who orchestrated their attack, yet Afghanistan did not commit the attacks. President Bush needed to make a decision and fast. Should the United States attack a country that harbors terrorism? For President Bush, the answer was as clear as day. In order to combat terrorism domesticallyRead MoreHandling The War On Terror1037 Words   |  5 Pagestrillion. At the same time, little has been accomplished for domestic security or the destruction of terror groups. The United States needs a clear, focused strategy to suppress terrorist groups, while at the same time eliminating the causes for terrorism. I propose a gradual drawdown and closi ng of US bases and garrisons around the world. I also propose a serious global coalition to tackle ISIS, with a clear plan and exit strategy. At the same time, negotiating an agreement cannot be overlooked.Read More Challenges for US Counter-terrorism Efforts Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges for US Counter-terrorism Efforts    As a direct consequence of September 11, a number of substantial challenges lie ahead in the area of counter-terrorism..  Ã‚   The most prominent of these is the changing nature of the terrorism phenomenon.   In past years, when terrorism was largely the product of direct state sponsorship, policymakers were able to diminish prospects for the United States becoming a target using a combination of diplomatic and military instruments to deter potentialRead More`` Prairie View A M University Terrorist Or Freedom Fighter Depends On Which Lens You re Looking Through1437 Words   |  6 Pagesevident that America was now under attack; at this point we knew that the U.S had been a target of terrorist. What is a terrorist, some may say that terrorism is the evil acts of a group or individual geared towards another group that has a political motive but also cause fear among a group of people. That is true but would it be a called terrorism, if you were on the other side of the situation. What if you were fighting for a political change, or religious freedom, or the right to a sovereign stateRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East1245 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause they believe that doing so would be in the best interest of the United States. The importance of Middle Eastern affairs to the United States during the 1960s through the 1980s is apparent with President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger’s diplomacy tactics to prevent Arab-Israeli war and lift the Arab oil embargo, President Jimmy Carter’s peace negotiations during the Camp David Accords, and President Ronald Reagan’s administration’s role in the Iran-Contra Affair. During the early 1970sRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1781 Words   |  8 Pagesand increased crime for a replacement food source resulting in human migration causing instability in a nation or neighboring region. Using a constructivist lens to explain and counteract the deleterious effects of climate change, the U.S. uses diplomacy, information and economic instruments of power to help predict when changes may effect a region and to ensure adequate and suitable preparedness in the event of a natural disaster. Climate change can negatively affect a region in many ways such asRead MoreCyber Warfare : The Threat Of The United State s National Security1313 Words   |  6 Pagesconflict. There are many different categories of warfare. More commonly known types include guerilla warfare, land warfare, aerial warfare, and naval warfare. Although when war is mentioned many minds wander to these forms of warfare, there are others that are not always as obvious. A rapidly growing type of warfare is cyber warfare. Cyber warfare can be defined as attacks from other nations to tap in to or destroy any type of information systems. As many nations race to the top of the technologyRead MoreTerrorism: an International Crisis3783 Words   |  16 PagesTerrorism is a word that tends to strike fear into the hearts of many. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary, terrorism is defined as, political violence: violence or the threat of violence, especially bombing, kidnapping, and assassinatio n, carried out for political purposes (Terrorism, 2006). Its also a word used by leaders of states and NGOs to create polar opposite outcomes. It can either incite people to rise up against those who would try to create fear or it is used to coerce

Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays

Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash.† Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1. reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10.driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc.; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc.; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15. illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;.8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc.; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns  for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc. may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane  markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both.† â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by  driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both.† Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes, Papers Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash. † Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1.  reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10. driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc. ; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc. ; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15.  illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;. 8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc. ; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc.  may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both. † â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both. † Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes, Papers

Economic Responsibility of Hershey Company for CSR- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomic Responsibility of Hershey Company for CSR. Answer: Introduction Economic Social Responsibility can be defined as ensuring that a company attains economic profitability for itself and ensuring that there are economic benefits in the communities it has its various business activities. Clark Maurice, (1916) contributed that economic responsibility from the social stand-point isnt basically concerned with the self-reliance and self-dependence but with interdependency. Many companies today have stressed so much on practicing corporate social responsibility as it has more social benefits than costs. This paper evaluates the economic responsibility of Hershey Company and the benefits the company has accrued from practicing CSR. Economic Responsibility of Hershey Company According to Hershey Company, (2016, p.5), in order to achieve a successful business, theres need to have a responsibility model that ensures theres a positive impact of the companys business operations in its communities. They have stated in their CSR policy that they have a culture of producing high quality products that are environmentally sustainable. The company publishes report on progress of its CSR each year on its website. In the companys annual report in fiscal year 2016, in regard to the economical social responsibility, its noted that one of efforts of the company is to ensure theres increased investments in the communities it operates in. As per the definition of economical responsibility described above, this is one of the essential parts whereby the company ensures theres increased economical activity in the communities where it carries out its business activities. In the most recent published CSR report for the fiscal year 2015, Hershey Company, (2016, p.2) states tha t they have a well structured growth to ensure that the companys brand gain customer loyalty. They have been forced to make certain adjustments in recognition of the changes in the economy in most parts especially in Asia so that the company can continue being profitable. One of these changes included reorganization. Fair Trade Practices of Hershey Company As one of the factors that determine the effectiveness of economic responsibility, Hershey Company has over the years practiced fair trade. The company had presented that increasing prices may not be the best solution to absorbing the possible high costs of materials and energy. By increasing the selling prices, the cost may be reduced but the customers purchasing power decreases which would result in decreased sales volume. Theres therefore emphasis on strategic pricing and fair trade. The company founded that it operates in a very competitive market and the best thing they do in order to compete well is to enhance product development. (Hershey Company, 2016. P. 7) A company thats very much concerned with increasing profitability, ensuring fair trade practices, achieving consumer purchasing power and value may be said to be practicing a well structured economic responsibility. Shahzad and Sillanp, (2013) argued that corporate social responsibility includes making a company economically profitable. They further argued that fair trade practices help the company support the producers (farmers in this case), and in raising awareness for going global. It enables the company ensure that the farmers, suppliers and the employees in this case have attained high economic self-sufficiency. The firm is also able to improve the working and living standards of its workers. As for the consumers, it ensures that they are able to get the various product they need and in fair prices. (p. 240). This is what the Hershey Company has practices over the years and it has benefited the company through improved public image. Responsible Sourcing of Hershey Company In order to ensure successful economic benefits, the company has further ensured that the products meet the needs of the consumer and ensure that the living standards of the farmers and suppliers are improved. In order to be economically responsible, a company has to take into consideration the economic wellness of the suppliers and producers of its raw materials. This is referred to as responsible sourcing. The company under this strategy has influenced improved infrastructure for the farmers, development of support programs to enhance the livelihoods of the supplier and farmers, and provided primary education and training for the children and farmers respectively. Hershey Company has had great efforts in promoting the Cocoa farming in Mexico with a motive of improving the economic wellness of the community and this has impacted greatly on the lives of the farmers and suppliers of the product. According to Chorn et al. (2010) economic responsibility aim to increase economic value fo r all stakeholders involved in bringing products and services to market. (p. 2) From the economic part of it, it can be observed that Hershey Company is one of the companies that lay much emphasis on the social economic impacts of its strategies. In the companys annual report 2016, one of the greatest challenges is the economic changes. Hershey Company, (2016) maintains that economic market conditions are a threat to the financial performance of the firm. In order to overcome this challenge, the company has therefore over the years strived to build social and economic development initiatives that benefit both the consumers, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders. Benefits of Sustainable Economic Responsibility to Hershey Company As reported by Business Wire, (2013) the Hershey Company had been recognized as one of the top 100 companies in America that has achieved high corporate social responsibility. Some of the benefits that the company has enjoyed as a result include maintaining of highly skilled workforce, increasing its profitability, customer loyalty has been enhanced greatly, it has achieved a good public image, and it has improved the shareholders value. One of the motives behind practicing economic responsibility is to ensure profit maximization. In addition to this, it can also be argued that economic responsibility does have benefits that outweigh the costs. McWilliams et al, (2006, p. 9) argues that the social economic benefits can exceed the costs of the firm. Its can be further argued that economic responsibility reduces the conflict of interest in that the managers of a company like those of Hershey Company are more concerned with increasing profitability to achieve high shareholder value rather than doing things for their own economic-interests. Schreck, (2009) justify that the economic conflict of interest is lowered as managers see the economic benefits of the CSR to the shareholders and would not worry about the possible costs of CSR on the shareholders value. It can be noted in the case of Hershey Company that the firm is in a good financial and profitability condition. Conclusion Economical Social Responsibility for Hershey Company has proved to have benefited the company greatly. In general, Hershey Companys CSR has taken the company into the height of being recognized as one of the best companies that has a good practice of CSR. The profitability of the company as well as the public image of the firm has been greatly impacted. The paper founded that the benefits of economic responsibility of Hershey Company outweighs the costs. References Business Wire. (2013). The Hershey Company recognized as one of Americas 100 bestcorporate citizens. Retrieved from https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130412005450/en/Hershey-Company-Recognized-America%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98100-Corporate-Citizens%E2%80%99 Chorn, B., Sisco, C., Pruzan-Jorgensen, P.M. (2010). The business case for supply chain sustainability. BSR. Clark, M. (1916). The changing basis of economic responsibility: Journal of Political Economy. 24, 3, pp. 2009-229. Hershey Company, (2016). The Hershey Company annual report. Retrieved from https://www.annualreports.com/Company/hershey-co Hershey Company, (2016). 2015 corporate social responsibility report. Retrieved from https://www.thehersheycompany.com/en_us/responsibility.html McWilliams, A., Siegel, D.S., Wright, P.M. (2006). Corporate social responsibility:Strategic implications; Journal of Management Studies. 43, 1, pp. 1-18. Schreck, P. (2009). The economic impact of social responsibility; The business case for corporate social responsibility. Heidelberg; Germany: Physica-verla. Shahzad, K., Sillanp, I. (2013). The role of fair trade in developing corporate social responsibility: An empirical examination based on multiple cases. Phuket; Thailand

Serial Killers Essays - Murder, Psychopathy, Crime, Serial Killer

Serial Killers ?I didn't want to hurt them, I only wanted to kill them.? This is a quote from David Berkowitz, A.K.A., the Son of Sam. David Berkowitz and all of the other serial killers tend to think in unique ways. This paper will talk to you about characteristics, motives, different phases, and the correlation between behavior and aggression. Serial killers like everyone else have certain characteristics that set them apart. To be considered a bonafied serial killer you must murder at least three to four people with a cooling off period between each murder. These killings are usually one on one and are repetitive, occurring with greater or lesser frequency over time (?Characteristics of Serial Murder?). Serial killers usually don't have a connection with the victim and they very rarely if ever have a rational motive. The serial killer likes to murder people in the same pattern, usually with a high degree of overkill. This degree of overkill sets them a part from different serial killers. Serial murderers also have different motives for their murders. One of the most obvious is that they turn to murdering for a sense of power (Forwood). For this sense of power they usually attack societies weakest members and those weaker than themselves (Forwood). This includes the homeless, impaired, and usually the young of both sexes. When they kill the homeless and impaired they are usually acting on the Missionary Motive. This is when they feel that it is their responsibility to rid society of its unwanted inhabitants. There are also Visionary killers which are usually instructed to kill by the voices that are in their head (schizophrenia). The last type of these motives is the Hedonist. They kill because it brings them the pleasure to do so. This group is separated into three sub-categories which are lust killers, thrill killers and gain killers. Lust killers kill for sexual pleasure. They are usually sexually underdeveloped and they kill for sexual gratification. Thrill killers kill people because it brings them a rush. These types of hedonists usually kill a lot more because they are addicted to this rush. Gain killers always kill people for some type of gain. This is usually money but it can also be something like a job promotion. Another point of a Serial Killer is that their mind is constantly going through one of their seven phases. The first of these phases is the Aura Phase. This is the part where the killer daydreams about death and destruction. After awhile these demented fantasies usually have the urge to be acted upon. This leads into the second stage which is the Trolling Phase. In the Trolling Phase the serial killer tries to find the perfect victim for their needs. They usually tend to look in school yards or lovers lanes or even red light districts. This might go on for hours days and sometimes even months, until the perfect victim will be found . This will begin the Wooing Phase. Serial killers usually act very debonair to get their victims to trust them. After the Wooing Stage comes the Capture Stage. This is where the killer reveals what he is. He may draw you into his car where there's no door handle for you to get out. This is disturbingly fun for them and is included in their sick sadistic game. Then comes the climax, the Murder Stage. They may just decide to kill you, but sometimes, they will decide to torture you to death, try to revive you on the brink of death to torture you more (Scott). The sixth stage is the Totem Stage. This phase is where the killer will take a memoir of you. It might include your jewelry or clothes or even a piece of your body. After this, comes the seventh and final phase which is Depression. There is great emotional let down for the killer. They may even become so depressed as to attempt suicide. But sooner or later they will start day dreaming more and this whole cycle will keep repeating itself until the killer is either caught or dies (?Characteristics of Serial Murder?). There is also some correlation between behavior and aggression in serial killers. This means that as a child, serial killers experience the same childhood difficulties. Nearly all serial killers have gone through one of the ?Terrible Triad?. The Terrible Triad includes bedwetting, sadistic abuse of animals and pyromania. Many serial killers as

Moby Dick Premonitions essays

Moby Dick Premonitions essays Herman Melville employs numerous motifs in the novel Moby Dick that all serve some purpose, though that purpose is oftentimes somewhat ambiguous. One of the more peculiar motifs that I traced throughout the novel was Melvilles strange tendency to foreshadow events to come. Normally, most novels attempt to maintain a certain amount of suspense until the climax, which usually contains some sort of surprise for the reader. But before getting even halfway through Moby Dick, the reader knows that when Ahab encounters Moby Dick, he will die. One would think that knowing the end to a novel would spoil it, but the methodology behind Melvilles hints and the fashion in which they are presented only contribute to the excitement of the climax, and ultimately to the purpose of the novel itself. The hints are absolutely everywhere in the novel; they are sometimes hidden, sometimes blatant, and sometimes confusing. And with every sign that Melville drops for the reader, the excitement builds up until the hopeless battle with Moby Dick. One of the first signs in the novel of the impending doom Ishmael will face is the name of the owner of the Spouter Inn: Coffin? Spouter? Rather ominous in that particular connexion, thought I (18). The chapel where people were worshipping the dead, and the two trees that looked like a gallows near the Try-Pots Inn add to the mounting number of signs telling Ishmael to back away. However, Ishmael is an educated man; despite these rather peculiar premonitions, he will not be deterred from his course. When the prophet Elijah warns them about Ahab, saying ..some sailors or other must go with him, I suppose; as well these as any other men, God pity em! (89) Ishmael tries to wave off the mans words as the ramblings of a trickster. But i n truth he is worried about the upcoming voyage. As the chase for Moby Dick progresses, the signs bec...

Article is Strengthening Frontline Nurse Investment in Organizational

Is Strengthening Frontline Nurse Investment in Organizational Goals - Article Example (2012) discusses the changing nature of healthcare in the country, and how the incentives are linked with the better performance and cost control. In order to remain profitable and be entitled to receive better reimbursement funding, healthcare organizations need to focus at setting specific goals and achieve them in order to deliver to and sustain exceptional service quality for the patients. The authors, therefore, argue that this has transformed into the setting up of specific goals for the frontline staff and how accountability as well as other factors can contribute towards the development of more engaged nursing staff to achieve overall organizational goals. The paper discusses how a personal level of accountability can actually further the role of nurses and make them important stakeholders in achieving the overall objectives for the firm. Critique of the Paper The title of the paper suggests that it is about the advice regarding strengthening the role of a front line nursing investment in organizational goals. However, it discusses the role of engagement as well as accountability of the nurses in the changing scenario. The overall theme of the article is based upon the changes taking place at the macro level and how organizations need to respond to that changing situation. ... The overall direction and purpose of the paper seems to be rooted into the assumption that a greater level of accountability can actually lead to a better organizational performance. Authors argue that it is quite important actually to define frontline accountability and then monitor the progress in order to ascertain how the frontline staff is performing. Authors further suggest that raising the personal stakes of the frontline nurses and helping them to take more accountability can lead to a better overall outcome for the organizations. This changing role of nurses has been viewed from the perspective of the macro level changes taking place at the governmental as well as the industrial wide level. Authors have dwelled on the changing role of nurses and how important they are for achieving financial goals for the organizations from the perspective of these changes (Marshall, 2011). While discussing the literature about the accountability, authors seem to distract from the actual pur pose and theme of the article. The literature review outlines the role of accountability in nursing and how individual as well as organization level accountability fits into the overall role of nurses. Though the issue of accountability may be relevant to some extent, however, it may not be completely relevant to the overall theme of the article. Authors fail to integrate the facts about how organizations set goals and how such goals are transformed into actionable steps which front line nursing staff has to take. Though personal accountability plays a greater role in the career of nurses because they not only have to follow their own individual

How can human resources (people) working in the bureaucratic Essay

How can human resources (people) working in the bureaucratic Intelligence Agencies affect the outcome of interagency collaboration efforts - Essay Example olicymakers are all in a mad scramble about addressing the problem of intelligence failure that made the 9/11 terrorist attack by the Al Qaeda successful. Emerging policies concerning the intelligence community demonstrate a preference for a closer interagency collaboration as this was the factor widely blamed for the 9/11 attacks. However, the sixteen agencies and departments that comprises the American intelligence community will undoubtedly find it difficult to make the transition from an existing way of doing agency business to a new and more collaborative way because it require the human resource to withdraw even temporarily from bureaucratic philosophy. Here, agencies must spurn something that they have least respected and cherished. In addition, an agency must be willing to discard its culture if necessary, or, if possible, break it up into components, some of which might warrant being salvaged and recycled. This is the reason why human resource is pivotal in achieving interagency collaboration. This paper will address how human resources working in the bureaucratic Intelligence Agencies affect the outcome of interagency collaboration efforts. Specifically, this paper will discuss why each individual human resources, available to Intelligence Community Agencies, have more a more significant and influential role towards increasing interagency collaboration and integration than the technological advances and high budget resources they work with. Presently, there is an excessive dependence on high-tech intelligence in the United States military establishment, including a tight integration between the technical intelligence and conventional military intelligence and that it could be problematic as demonstrated by the fighting in Iraq. (Posner, p. 70) There are several studies that show why human resource is significant in interagency cooperation in the intelligence community – a role that is even more significant than technological advances and budget

Business Plan Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Plan - Outline Example †¢ Research market for online health guidance services in terms of industry size and competitors (Thomas, 2003). †¢ Development of online platform where the users can register and retrieve information. †¢ Building functioning network with partners such as gym trainers, health care consultants and physicians. †¢ Small scale operation and pilot study for assessing the response of customers. †¢ Basic report on online business market. †¢ Online platform and registration tracking system created. †¢ Pilot study in place and result evaluated. †¢ Revenue and costs/cash flow model finalised. †¢ Marketing activities finalized. †¢ Completion of entire business plan. †¢ Resources available to conduct the research †¢ Identification of Gaps is possible. †¢ Stakeholders identifies the value of an online health platform †¢ Team members works together to make effectual use of resources and develops realistic costs †¢ Marketi ng skills can be developed through proper research. †¢ No external constraints.

Mobile Technology and Communication

Mobile Technology and Communication The mobile technology has evolved over time and has seen the world move away from the fixed telephone booths to wireless and more portable devices for communication. One decade ago mobile phones were medium in size and still relied on direct connections to sources of power since there were no portable batteries (Barney, 2005). Today mobile technology has improved; we have very small and portable mobile phones that can be carried in the pockets and small bags. Mobile phones are more powerful and have become part of the human lifestyle and many people prefer to carry them wherever they go. Mobile technology has greatly improved communication in today’s world. Mobile technology has made sending and receiving of information faster than ever before. In today’s world someone who is in a far country can call directly and talk to another who is in another continent within minutes. Today people can receive live news of what has happened all over the world faster than ever before (Barney, 2005). Very large texts can be sent across the world without the use of messengers and can be received by recipients located in different parts of the world. This has made it easier to communicate with these people, improving the time and speed of communication. Because of advances in communication technology, it is now possible for universities to offer long distance courses. All that a student needs is an access to computers, and internet connectivity. Long distance courses or classes are a popular method that universities use for purposes of reaching out on students who are in other countries. Some students also prefer to use long distance classes, because of time factors. Mobile technology has also increased efficiency and reliability in the methods and ways in which business leaders communicate with their employees. Due to the advancement of mobile technology, a business manager can now control his workers whichever place they are (Preston, 2001). It is not a must for the business manager or administrator to go to the location of his or her employee. They can use the mobile phones to request for information they need. Companies with large number of branches are able to give orders to be received immediately by their specific branches with a lot of ease. We can collaborate with co-workers no matter how spread out they may be. Any one who needs confirmation or approval of vital decisions can get them without waiting for the head of the organization to return from a trip in order to make approvals. Mobile technology has made doing business better than before (Barney, 2005). Mobile technology has made communication between the doctors and patients more easy since doctors who are attending to other patients are able to make follow ups on how other patients are doing through mobile phone. This helps them make choices to attend to emergency cases first and make prescriptions for other patients without having to be there in person (Barney, 2005). The local doctor only needs to observe the patient and describe the situation to the expert who in this case might be far away, sometimes even in other countries. All the expert needs to do is to listen and make recommendations and procedures to be followed and finally prescribe the correct medication. Mobile technology has made it so easy for people to communicate with their loved ones even while away(Hackett, 2008). This has reduced loneliness and brought families and friends more close than before. In today’s world you can receive information on everyday basis on what’s happening around the people you love and see pictures and videos of the same. Because of advances in mobile technology, it is now possible to share so much information with family members, friends, and the society. Advances in mobile technology have increased the rate of people who can access internet services. Accessing the internet has also increased the rates of people who are enrolled in social networking sites like twitter. This has improved the relationship that people have towards (Grant and Meadows, 2010). Green (2002) therefore explains that without the development of mobile technology, social networking could not be possible. Mobile technology today has made it possible for government to communicate warnings to its citizens on dangers like conflict arreas, floody areas and outbreak of disease. The bus driver today do not have to bump onto any danger on his way ahead since information spread very fast and thy can be alerted through their mobile phones to avoid such risks. The nation can be aware in one hour of any threats posed to them. The government can achieve greater results since control of diseases is made easy (Bourke, 2004). The whole country can know within seconds that there is a problem and people need to take precautions. Mobile technology has improved communication of security threats by individuals to the authorities since today the policeman is just a call away. Many houses have mobile phones and thy can be able to alert the authorities on the dangers or attacks they are facing or think might affect them. The government can also carry out security operation with ease due to ease of communication (Bourke, 2004). The search for criminals has been made easy since information can reach the police faster. Gone are the days when individuals would suffer silently while being tortured the whole night by gangs waiting for morning to come before the police could know what is happening. This has reduced massacre in villages. Mobile phones have also made it easy for enquiries to be made like cost of goods, balances and bills can be paid by use of mobile phones. People do not need to walk to offices to fine information since this can be done from the comfort of their homes. Payment of these bills can also be done from the comfort of ones home. Today one do not need to travel to the bank to find information about their bank accounts. The bank is able to update individuals on deposits and withdrawals made from their accounts (Barney, 2005). In today’s world, Mobile technology has created convenience in communicating directions by individuals. People do not to loose direction while in strange land or country or city. The mobile phone has become the basic guideline for individuals. When you are lost, you can use mobile phone to locate where you are by use of applications that have maps. The simplest use would be to call the host or call back from where you were given direction in order to ensure you are moving to the right place. Mobile technology has made it so easy for individuals to get feed back faster than ever before. It would take a long time for a horse or a messenger to travel to a far distance in order to deliver a message and come back with a feedback. Today you send information and if there is a delay you just make a call, and the response is there with you. It minimizes time wastage and improves productivity of individuals. It is, therefore, important to conclude that mobile technology is an important innovation in the 20th and the 21st century. This is mainly because it played a great role in ensuring that effective communication between people occurs. This also includes communication between the government and the people, communication between business personalities, etc. Because of effective communication made possible by the emergence of mobile technology, most business institutions are able to achieve efficiency and productivity. Without efficiency in communication, it is possible for an organization to make losses. References: Barney, D. D. (2005). Communication technology. Vancouver: UBC Press. Bourke, J. (2004). Communication technology. Greenwood, WA: Ready-Ed Publications. Grant, A. E., Meadows, J. H. (2010). Communication technology update and fundamentals.  Amsterdam: Focal Press/Elsevier. Green, L. (2002). Communication, technology and society. London: SAGE. Hackett, E. J. (2008). The handbook of science and technology studies (3rd ed.). Cambridge,  Mass.: MIT Press :. Preston, P. (2001). Reshaping communications technology, information and social change.  London: SAGE.

Religion and the Cause of War Essay example -- Religion War

Many times we can’t pin down the precise reason as to why wars are caused, but we can say as to why we choose to fight. We fight to defend what we believe in. Many would say that war is not caused by religion, but what exactly is religion? Religion is â€Å"Something one believes in and follows devotedly; a matter of ethics or conscience.† (dictionary) Although many things cause war, one cannot discount the role religion plays in the cause of war. According to Prominent US Catholic theologian Dr. William Cavanaugh â€Å"If one tries to limit the definition of religion to belief in God or gods, then certain belief systems that are usually called â€Å"religions† are eliminated, such as Theravada, Buddhism, and Confucianism. If the definition is expanded to include such belief systems, then all sorts of practices, including many that are usually labeled â€Å"secular,† fall under the definition of religion.† (Cavanaugh) This is a rather interesting s tatement, if we broaden our view on what religion actually is we can clearly see that â€Å"Religion† does have an impact on war. Some would say that religion only deals with those that believe and or follow God or gods others like Dr. Cavanaugh say that religion can consist of something entirely different. With this in mind we will begin our search on the role religion has in war we will first take a look at six out of the many recognized world Religions and what their beliefs are about war. A â€Å"Holy War† or a â€Å"Just War† is how some Religions justify war. The chart below shows six religions of the world and what their stance on war is. The outer ring shows the religions that do believe in any type of war and the inner ring shows the religions that do not believe in war, as you can see there are more religions t... ...Dictionary of World History. Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Lake City Community College. 29 October 2010 http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t48.e1384 "Crusades" World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Lake City Community College. 29 October 2010 .html?subview=Main&entry=t142.e2980> Cavanaugh, William. T. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print. "Civil War, American" World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Lake City Community College. 30 October 2010 Alchin, Linda.â€Å"Middle Ages† 16 July 2006. 24 Nov. 2010 .web.

Comparing Literature Poems

â€Å"HAVISHAM† In the poem â€Å"Havisham†, Carol Ann Duffy presents the subject of this poem as an old, embittered woman with â€Å"ropes on the back of her hands†, while Browning presents the subject of his poem as a strong and determined but very jealous and embittered young woman. The poem is written in the first person in the form of a dramatic monologue, â€Å"The Laboratory† by Robert Browning is also written in this form. Miss Havisham is aware of her own stink – because she does not ever change her clothes or wash. She stays in bed and screams in denial.At other times she looks and asks herself â€Å"who did this† to her? She sometimes dreams almost tenderly or erotically of her lost lover, but when she wakes the hatred and anger return. Thinking of how she â€Å"stabbed at the wedding cake† she now wants to work out her revenge on the lover that betrayed her. Parent/Child Relationship Compare the ways parent/child relationsh ips are represented in ‘Before You Were Mine' by Carol Ann Duffy and three other poems, one by Simon Armitage and any two from the Pre-1914 Poetry Bank.The relationship between a parent and a child can bring about any of a range of emotions. In ‘The Affliction of Margaret', we see a parent's desperation at not hearing from her missing son in seven years, while in ‘On my first Sonne', the poet bids farewell to his dead son. In ‘Before You Were Mine', the poet describes the effect her own birth had on the lifestyle of her mother, whereas ‘My father thought it bloody queer' describes a strained relationship between father and son.The differing structures of the poems affect their impact. Wordsworth's structure for ‘The Affliction of Margaret' consists of eleven verses of seven lines each. How does Ben Jonson use language and structure to convey the message of the poem â€Å"On my first Sonne†? â€Å"On my first Sonne† is a poem where Jo nson describes his reaction to sorrow when his first son dies. Jonson confronts conflict, loss and despair when â€Å"Ben Jonson his best piece of poetrie† was â€Å"exacted by fate, on the just day†.He uses his son as an inspiration in this poem and describes his different stages that he has gone through by using language and structural features in this poem. The structural layout in this poem suggests that a progression of ideas is taking place. The first five lines indicate struggle, conflict, loss and despair. He experiences shock and guilt as he says, â€Å"My sinne was too much hope of thee, loved boy†.

Application Letter Essay

I am writing to apply for the job of camp monitor at your residential summer camp advertised on your website. As requested I am enclosing my C.V. and all the certifications and references. I am a language student at the Official Language School (EOI) of Gandia. I have a good level of English, both written and spoken, therefore I can speak English very fluently. I also speak Spanish as my first language and German at Basic level. As you will see from my CV I have some relevant experience working with children as I have worked as a manager in a youth football team for two years, I also have worked teaching children how to swim, so I am used to work with them and prepare physical activities or games specially for them. I believe I would be suitable for the job advertised as, apart from my experience, I am a cheerful person who gets on well with children and enjoys working with them, I am very good working in a team and not only I can teach them how to swim, play football, and other sports or games, I also know some useful survival skills I can teach in an entertaining way, so they can learn while having fun. I attach a full CV, and if you require any further information, I would be happy to provide it. I can be reached anytime via email at adrianbesos@gmail.com.

Free Essays on Emerson View Of Nature In Relation To Transcendentalism

Emerson Emerson’s ideals of transcendentalism are clearly expressed in Nature and â€Å"The American Scholar.† He alludes to the transcendentalist belief in the soul’s inherent ability to grasp the truth in Nature when he says: â€Å"Undoubtedly we have no questions to ask which are unanswerable. We must trust the perfection of the creation so far as to believe that whatever curiosity the order of things has awakened in our minds, the order of things can satisfy. Every man’s condition is a solution in hieroglyphic to those inquiries he would put.† Emerson at first seems to have had very contradictory ideas about the separation between man and Nature. To explain how the "me" can be shown by the "not me" Emerson makes examples of Nature, using such imagery as circulating currents of water and air. His less ambiguous references are metaphors about the interaction between man and nature through spirit. The basis and inspiration for the creative insights that Emerson desires come from being immersed in the revitalizing stream of Nature: "Embosomed for a season in nature, whose floods of life stream around and through us, why should we grope among the dry bones of the past...?" Emerson seems to be saying that Nature is an inner source of energy that fills us with power. This representation of nature as a river is of a being (apparently female, based on Emerson’s use of the word â€Å"embosomed†) detached from man and mostly impervious to his will. The idea of division between man and nature changes as Emerson explains nature as the Not Me. He defines nature as "in the common sense...essences unchanged by man." Yet later Emerson writes of feeling â€Å"the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me† and says, â€Å"The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and vegetable.† His use of the word â€Å"currents† to describe the â€Å"Universal... Free Essays on Emerson View Of Nature In Relation To Transcendentalism Free Essays on Emerson View Of Nature In Relation To Transcendentalism Emerson Emerson’s ideals of transcendentalism are clearly expressed in Nature and â€Å"The American Scholar.† He alludes to the transcendentalist belief in the soul’s inherent ability to grasp the truth in Nature when he says: â€Å"Undoubtedly we have no questions to ask which are unanswerable. We must trust the perfection of the creation so far as to believe that whatever curiosity the order of things has awakened in our minds, the order of things can satisfy. Every man’s condition is a solution in hieroglyphic to those inquiries he would put.† Emerson at first seems to have had very contradictory ideas about the separation between man and Nature. To explain how the "me" can be shown by the "not me" Emerson makes examples of Nature, using such imagery as circulating currents of water and air. His less ambiguous references are metaphors about the interaction between man and nature through spirit. The basis and inspiration for the creative insights that Emerson desires come from being immersed in the revitalizing stream of Nature: "Embosomed for a season in nature, whose floods of life stream around and through us, why should we grope among the dry bones of the past...?" Emerson seems to be saying that Nature is an inner source of energy that fills us with power. This representation of nature as a river is of a being (apparently female, based on Emerson’s use of the word â€Å"embosomed†) detached from man and mostly impervious to his will. The idea of division between man and nature changes as Emerson explains nature as the Not Me. He defines nature as "in the common sense...essences unchanged by man." Yet later Emerson writes of feeling â€Å"the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me† and says, â€Å"The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and vegetable.† His use of the word â€Å"currents† to describe the â€Å"Universal...

International baccalaureate primary-year-program Essay

International baccalaureate primary-year-program - Essay Example My first very exposure to the curriculum of International Baccalaureate was at an information morning, when I was a part of a seminar held in a good infrastructure school in the suburbs of Mumbai, India. Currently, I have an experience in an IB school, teaching the PYP: thanks to my education. The International Baccalaureate (IB), formerly known as the International Baccalaureate Organization, is a nonprofit institution which provides educational products to the international community. Founded in 1968 in Switzerland, IB's original mission was to provide curriculum to schools; catering for children of Western diplomats who traveled frequently. The idea was to keep the curriculum consistent between schools in order to serve the needs of these students as they moved from one country to another. Today, the organization administers three programs, which are available for purchase by interested schools. The three programs of the IB schools are as follows: Primary Years Program(PYP) founde d in September 1997 caters 3 – 12 years Middle Years program(MYP) introduced in 1994 caters 11 – 16 years Diploma Program ( IBDP) introduced in 1969 caters to 16 – 19 years I chose the IB PYP board as I was impressed by the breadth of study, the potential for individual choice, the opportunity to develop and follow my passion as stated early on and the inclusion of CAS (creativity, action and service). With respect to this module and my experience, IB PYP has really taken full of my attention. I hope I will be able to instill my essence of thoughts on paper and do proper justice to this module without being too bias or critical. Key words: Curriculum, International Baccalaureate Primary year program(IB PYP). Introduction The International Baccalaureate Primary Year Program is one of the many educational programs of the International Baccalaureate (IB) system. The program caters for students who are 3 to 11 years of age. Its primary goal is to prepare the student s for the middle year’s program of the IB system (IBO.org 2009). Like any IB program the primary year program was carried out in order to enhance the skills of young children to make them knowledgeable, caring and inquiring. The primary goal of the program was to produce young people who have intercultural understanding and respect so that they will be able to help create a better and peaceful world. This goal was to be achieved because the program was a transnational program that inculcated the cultures and background of several nations and people without any discrimination whatsoever. Another goal of the program is to produce students who understand the differences of other people. These students will be encouraged to become active, compassionate, and lifelong learners. Â  There are ten traits that the Primary years program (PYP) aims to enhance or develop and these are:Â  Inquirers, Knowledgeable, thinkers, communicators, principled, open-minded, caring, Risk takers, bal anced, and reflective. As said early on, the International Baccalaureate aims to develop inquiring, knowledgeable and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through intercultural understanding and respect. To this end the organization works with schools, governments and international organizations to develop challenging programs of international education and rigorous assessment. These programs encourage students across the world to become active, compassionate and lifelong learners who understand that other people, with their differences, can also be right. But how effective is the PYP? Have the aims and purposes of the PYP program really been achieved in practice? Are there theories or studies that support the efficacy of the PYP program? This essay evaluates and analyzes the aims and purposes of the PYP program and how likely these programs are achieved in pract

Is this unlawful discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Is this unlawful discrimination - Essay Example All employees have equal rights to religion at the workplace. The right to religion should be free and open to all such that one can choose the religion they want to be associated with. The equal employment opportunity act states that no employee should be discriminated based on national origin, sex, race, color, religion, or an employee acting according to his or her rights (Nkomo, Fottler, & McAfee, 2011). Yes Elaine was fired because of religious discrimination as she refused to convert to be a Baptist like other employees and the supervisor. Elaine has the burden of proof I would convict the defendant who is the human resource manager on claims of unlawful discrimination. The plaintiff can show that she was fired based on religious discrimination. The plaintiff can also confirm that she had all the necessary qualification for the job as she had worked for the last six years. And above all Elaine was protected by the equal employee opportunity act of 1972 (Nkomo, Fottler, & McAfee, 2011). This is unlawful discrimination because everyone has a right to freedom of

Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Death - Essay Example The hospitals and health care systems have become such an all-encompassing establishment that â€Å"personally witnessed death has become an uncommon event in many Western countries† (Aiken, 2001, p.6). This phenomenon has been viewed as an attempt to â€Å"deny the reality of death† (Aiken, 2001, p.6). All the same, media, especially visual media have been showing vivid pictures and scenes of death so enthusiastically that death has become a daily affair for the viewers (Aiken, 2001, p.6). In this way, death has become a fearsome taboo as well as an enjoyable spectacle, on two extremes of our modern times. In medical terms, it can be said that: When the body dies, cells in the higher brain centers, which are very susceptible to oxygen deprivation, die first. This usually occurs between 5 to 10 min after the supply of oxygen is cut off. Next to die are the cells in the lower brain centers, including those in the medulla oblongata, which is the regulator of respiration, heartbeat and other vital reflexes (Aiken, 2001, p.7). There are other perspectives on death as described by different branches of human thought.

Ielts Preparation Essay Example for Free

Ielts Preparation Essay Onam is one of the greatest festivals of INDIA. It is celebrated with Joy and enthusiasm all over the Country by all communities. It is celebrated in the beginning of September. It is a celebration of 10 days. The Legend of ONAM is, It is celebrated to welcome the King Mahabali, whose spirit is said to visit India at the time on ONAM. The story goes that, the beautiful state of Kerala was once ruled by a Demon King , Mahabali. The king was greatly respected in his kingdom and was considered to be wise, judicious and extreamly generous. It is said that Kerala witnessed its golden era in the reign of King Mahabali. Everybody was happy in his kingdom and there was no discrimination on the basis of caste or class. Rich and poor were equally treated. There was neither crime nor corruption. People did not even lock their doors, as there were no thieves in the kingdom, there was no poverty sorrow during his reign and everybody was Happy. Looking at his fame and growing popularity, Gods became jealousy on him, and send him to an unknown world(nether world), Since Mahabali is o attached to the people of India, before send him to the nether world, the God gave him a boon to visit India once in a Year. During his visit India celebrate as ONAM. During the 10 days festival, The government declared as a Public holidays for School and colleges. During the festival; all the families gather together and celebrate. There are various sports loke Snake Boat rice, Elephant race, tug of war etc are celebrated. People bun w dresses, and it is festival of unity and happiness.

Fastest Finger First Project Report

Fastest Finger First Project Report Abstract In the buzzer round of quiz contests, the question is thrown open to all the teams. The person who knows the answer hits the buzzer first and then answers the question. Sometimes two or more players hit the buzzer almost simultaneously and it is very difficult to detect which of them has pressed the buzzer first. In television shows, where the whole event is recorded, the actions are replayed in slow motion to detect the first hit. Such slow motions are possible only where huge funds are available to conduct the show. For this reason buzzer rounds are avoided for quiz contests held in colleges. This project is an electronic quiz buzzer that is affordable by the colleges and even individuals. This project is useful for a 4-team quiz contest, although it can be modified for more number of teams. This system is sensitive. The circuit can detect and record the first hit contestant among all the contestants that may appear to be simultaneous Buzzer controllers for 4-team quizzes are readily available in the market. However, buzzer controller capable handling six or eight team are hard to find. The circuit presented here can be used for up to eight teams. It can be easily expanded to accommodated more teams through suitable cascading of latches and AND gates along with transistors, relays, etc. In the buzzer round of any quiz contest question are thrown open to all the participating teams. Each team has a push button switch to ring the buzzer. After hearing the question any member of a team who knows the answer and hits there switch first gets a chance to answer. In multiple cases who hit the switch first gets the opportunity to reply. For next round the quiz master reset the buzzer operation circuit by pressing the reset switch. For visual indication all teams have the lamp fitted on their desk. The lamps glow until the reset of buzzer controller indicating the eligible team for replying the question. For audio indication the buzzer rings and turns off automatically after a few second. The audio visual circuit is powered through actuation of relay contacts. Here 230v AC has been used. BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure:1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Figure:2 Figure:2 Working of Finger first indicator Fastest finger first indicators (FFFIs) are used to test the players reaction time. The players designated number is displayed with an audio alarm when the player presses his entry button. The circuit presented here determines as to which of the 8 contestants first pressed the button and locks out the remaining three entries. Simultaneously, an audio alarm and the correct decimal number display of the corresponding contestant are activated. When a contestant presses his switch, the corresponding output of latch IC1 (74373) changes its logic state from 1 to 0. The combinational circuitry comprising dual 4-input NAND gates of IC3 (7430) locks out subsequent entries by producing the appropriate latch-disable signal. Priority encoder IC2 (74147) encodes the active-low input condition into the corresponding binary coded decimal (BCD) number output. The outputs of IC4 after inversion by inverter gates inside hex inverter 74LS04 (IC5) are coupled to BCDto-7-segment decoder/display driver IC6 (7447). The output of IC6 drives common anode 7-segment LED display (DIS.1, FND507 or LT543). The audio alarm generator comprises clock oscillator (555), whose output drives a loudspeaker. The oscillator frequency can be varied with the help of Preset VR1. Logic 0 state at one of the outputs of IC2 produces logic 1 input condition at pin 4 of 555, thereby enabling the audio oscillator. 555 needs +12V DC supply for sufficient alarm level. The remaining circuit operates on regulated +5V DC supply, which is obtained using (7805).Once the organiser identifies the contestant who pressed the switch first, he disables the audio alarm and at the same time forces the digital display to 0 by pressing reset pushbutton S9 PCB FABRICATION PCB Designing is an important part of the project development, complexity size the PCB for our Project Buzzer Controller For 8-Team Quiz Contests is made by Photo chemical process on copper clad base materials the following steps are involved in Fabrication. Layout designing 1. Art work designing 2. Negative preparation 3. Eleclining 4. Cleaning 5. Coating of Protective layer 6. Drilling 7. Testing Figure:3LAYOUT DESIGNING:- First of all we have prepared the layout designing on graph paper according to the schematic diagram. To layout diagram shown in the tracks on PCB to join the components as per schematic diagram. Taking the consideration actual size (100%) of each components and pin to pin distance of the components. ART WORK DESIGNING:- Art work is the preparation after the layout Modification. Art work is prepared on clad shed by tracking the circuit. On it with tapes different width, circular pads, IC pads cutter 2. NEGATIVE PREPARETION:- For the preparation of Negative the photographic with feint is to cut to the six of the art work it is then place with film in the vertical photographic camera the developer used in the lithe developer. Which consist of A B developer mixed in same proportion. The film is then fixed through fixer which is the Sodium Thiosulphate solution the film then washed with the water and then dried. At least to clean the liquor thinner to protect the tracks from corrosion and moisture effects. Figure:4 4. ELECLINING:- It is the process in which extra copper is removed from copper clad sheet with heep Ferric Chloride(feels) solution. The copper clad sheet is dipped in the feels for about 3 hours. By this process we got the PCB with wanted tracks. 5. CLEANING:- Now remove the dye with help of thinner, wash it with water and dry it in sun light. 6. COATING OF PROTECTIVE LAYERS:- The PCB is now Coated with non-conducting solution. LAQUAR to prevent the tracks from environment hazards like corrosion and moisture effects. Figure:5 PCB LAYOUT FOR FINGER FIRST INDICATOR Figure:6 7. DRILLING:- Drilling is done to create the components lead holes Drill of 1mm.(Diameter) is used. 8. TESTING:- The copper tracks are tested with the digital multimeter if any track is open short can be repaired before mounting the components on PCB. Now PCB is ready for assembly. COMPONENTS LIST Semiconductors: IC1 -74LS373 IC2 -74LS147 IC3 -74LS30 IC4 -74LS00 IC5 74LS04 IC6 74LS47 IC7 -7805, 5V regulator IC8 NE555 timer T1 -BC547 NPN transistor 7- segment display- DIS.1, FND507 or LT543 Resistors (all1/4-watt, +/-5% carbons): R1-R8 -1kilo-ohm R9 -2.2 kilo-ohm R10 -R11 10-kilo-ohm R12-R18 560 ohm VR1 -2-mega-ohm preset Capacitors: C1 -0.01microF, 35V electrolytic C2 0.1microF, 16V electrolytic C3 0.01microF, ceramic disk Miscellaneous: X1 -230V AC primary to 12V, 500mA Secondary transformer S1-S8 -push-to-on switch S9 push-to-off switch BELL -230V AC electric bell Details of various components used Figure:71.74LS373 Figure:8 2.74LS147 Figure:9 Figure:10 3.74LS30 Figure:11 Internal description of 74LS30 Figure:12 Figure:13 5.74LS04 Figure:14 Figure:15 6.74LS00 Figure:16 Figure:18 Figure:17 Figure:19 Figure:20 7. IC7447 Figure:20 8 .Transformer Figure:21 Laminated steel core Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high Permeability (electromagnetism) permeabilitysilicon steel. permeability many times that of free space, and the core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a path which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy-current losses, and their designs mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained in use. Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of insulation.indicates a minimum cross-sectional area for the core to avoid saturation. The effect of laminations is to confine eddy currents to highly elliptical paths that enclose little flux, and so reduce their magnitude. Thinner laminations reduce losses, Thin laminations are generally used on high frequency transformers, with some types of very thin steel laminations able to operate up to 10  kHz. One common design of laminated core is made from interleaved stacks of pieces, leading to its name of E-I transformer.Such a design tends to exhibit more losses, but is very economical to manufacture. The cut-core or C-core type is made by winding a steel strip around a rectangular form and then bonding the layers together. It is then cut in two, forming two C shapes, and the core assembled by binding the two C halves together with a steel strap. They have the advantage that the flux is always oriented parallel to the metal grains, reducing reluctance. A steel cores means that it retains a static magnetic field when power is removed. When power is then reapplied, the residual field will cause a high until the effect of the remaining magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the applied alternating current. Over current protection devices such as must be selected to allow this harmless inrush to pass. On transformers connected to long, overhead power transmission lines, induced currents due to during can cause saturation of the core and operation of transformer protection devices. The transformer converts the 220 V AC into 9 V AC. The Bridge wave rectifier converts the ( V AC into rippled DC. This rippled DC is given as input to the 7805/7809 Voltage regulator IC. A separate power supply is given for the Stepper Motor which has the same power supply setup for converting the 220 V AC into 9V DC. The DC Power Supply circuit is based around the 7805 voltage regulator. It has only 3 connections (input, output and ground) and it provides a fixed output. The last two digits of the part number specify the output voltage, eg. 05, 06, 08, 10, 12, 15, 18, or 24. The 7800 series provides up to 1 amp load current and has on-chip circuitry to shut down the regulator if any attempt is made to operate it outside its safe operating area. (If this happens to you, let the chip cool down attach the heatsink.) It can be seen that there are in fact two separate circuits in this power supply. One 7805 is directly connected as a fixed 5V regulator. The second 7805 has a resistor divider network on the output. A variable 500 ohm potentiometer is used to vary the output voltage from a minimum of 5V up to the maximum DC voltage depending on the input voltage. It will be about 2V below the input DC voltage.) The capacitor across the output improves transient response. The large capacitor across the input is a filter capacitor to help smooth out ripple in the rectified AC voltage. The larger the filter capacitor the lower the ripple IC-7805 One can get a constant high-voltage power supply using inexpensive 3-terminal voltage regulators through some simple techniques described below. Depending upon the current requirement, a reasonable load regulation can be achieved. Line regulation in all cases is equal to that of the voltage regulator used. Though high voltage can be obtained with suitable voltage boost circuitry using ICs like LM 723, some advantages of the circuits presented below are: simplicity, low cost, and practically reasonable regulation characteristics. For currents of the order of 1A or less, only one zener and some resistors and capacitors are needed. For higher currents, one pass transistor such as ECP055 is needed. Before developing the final circuits, let us first understand the 3-terminal type constant voltage regulators. Let us see the schematic in Fig. where 78XX is a 3-terminal voltage regulator. Schematic for obtaining low-voltage regulated output using 3-terminal Figure:22 voltage regulators. Rectified and filtered unregulated voltage is applied at VIN and a constant voltage appears between pins 2 and 2 of the voltage regulator. *The distribution of two currents in the circuit (IBIAS and ILOAD) is as shown. It is highly recommended to use the two capacitors as shown. Electrically regulator will be at a distance from the rectifier supply. Thus, a tantalum grade capacitor of 5mf and rated voltage is good. Electrolytic capacitor is not suitable for it is poor in response to load transients, which have high frequency components.At the output side a 0.22mf disc ceramic capacitor is useful to eliminate spurious oscillations, which the regulator might break into because of its internal high gain circuitry. Figure:23 These voltage regulators have a typical bias current of 5 mA, which is reasonably constant. By inserting a small resistor Rx between pin 2 and ground, the output voltage in many cases. By this method voltage increment of 5 to 10 per cent is practically feasible. However, if a high-value resistance is used to obtain a higher output voltage, a slight variation in bias current will result in wide variation of the output voltage. 8. BC547 Transistor In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits. Figure:24 Features à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ NPN Silicon Epitaxial Planar Transistors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ These transistors are subdivided into three groups A, B, and C according to their current gain. The type BC546 is available in groups A and B,n however, the types BC547 and BC548 can be supplied in all three groups. As complementary types the PNP transistors BC556BC558 are recommended. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ On special request, these transistors are also manufactured in the pin configuration TO-18. Mechanical Data Case: TO-92 Plastic Package Weight: approx. 0.18g Packaging Codes/Options: E6/Bulk 5K per container, 20K/box E7/4K per Ammo mag., 20K/box Figure:25 9.Ceramic capacitor: These are the disk-type ceramic capacitors. Because the high frequency characteristic is good, these are used as the coupling capacitors (It cuts the direct current but it lets through the alternating current. Figure:26 10.Electrolytic Capacitor: This capacitor is used as the ripple filter capacitor of the power circuit. There is polarity. So, be careful so as not to make a mistake when mounting it. Figure:27 Electrolyte Capacitor Figure:28 Metallised Polyester Film Capacitors With tolerance of 10%. Operating temperature -40oC to +85oC. Compact Size Non Inductive Design 11.RESISTANCE Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms ( -). All conductors represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100% efficient. To control the electron flow (current) in a predictable manner, we use resistors. Electronic circuits use calibrated lumped resistance to control the flow of current. Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groups viz. fixed adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the value is fixed cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the resistance value can be varied by an adjusteknob. It can be divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c) Special type. The most common type of resistors used in our projects is carbon type. The resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance has four colours, one of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is called fourth band and indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the value of resistance (see table). For example if a resistor has the following marking on it say red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is  ±5%. Resistor comes in various sizes (Power rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of 1/4 watts. The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value as given below. COLOURS CODE Black 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Blue 6 Violet 7 Grey 8 White 9 Figure:29 The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives the second digit. The third ring indicates the number of zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives tolerance (gold  ±5%, silver  ± 10%, No colour  ± 20%). In variable resistors, we have the dial type of resistance boxes. There is a knob with a metal pointer. This presses over brass pieces placed along a circle with some space b/w each of them. Resistance coils of different values are connected b/w the gaps. When the knob is rotated, the pointer also moves over the brass pieces. If a gap is skipped over, its resistance is included in the circuit. If two gaps are skipped over, the resistances of both together are included in the circuit and so on. 12.The 555 TIMER Description The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses. With a monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and one capacitor. With an astable operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor. Figure:30 Features à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High Current Drive Capability (200mA) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adjustable Duty Cycle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Temperature Stability of 0.005%/ ½Ã‚ °C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Timing FromÃŽÂ ¼Sec to Hours à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Turn off Time Less Than 2ÃŽÂ ¼Sec Applications à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Precision Timing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pulse Generation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time Delay Generation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sequential Timing Pin Description of 555 Timer Figure:31 Power supply: Pin 8 is used to connect the positive power supply (Vs) to the 555. This can be any voltage between 3V and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital ICs. Pin 1 is the 0V connection to the power supply. Trigger and Reset Inputs: Pin 2 is called the trigger input as it is this input that sets the output to the high state. Pin 4 is called the reset input as it is this input that resets the o/p to the low state. Both pins may be connected to push buttons to control the operation of the 555.Sometimes the reset input is not used in a circuit, in which case it is connected directly to Vs to that unwanted resetting cant occur. Threshold and discharge: Pins 6 and7 (and sometimes the Trigger i/p, pin2) are used to set up the timing aspect of the 555 IC. They are normally connected to a combination of resistors and a capacitor. Offset: Pin 5 can be used to alter the timing aspect of the 555 IC in applications such as frequency modulation. Output: Pin 3 is the digital output of the 555.It can be connected directly to the inputs of other digitaICs, or it can control other devices Figure:32 When the low signal input is applied to the reset terminal, the timer output remains low regardless of the threshold voltage or the trigger voltage. Only when the high signal is applied to the reset terminal, the timers output changes according to threshold voltage and trigger voltage. When the threshold voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply voltage while the timer output is high, the timers internal discharge Tr. turns on, lowering the threshold voltage to below 1/3 of the supply voltage. During this time, the timer output is maintained low. Later, if a low signal is applied to the trigger voltage so that it becomes 1/3 of the supply voltage, the timers internal discharge Tr. turns off, increasing the threshold voltage and driving the timer output again at high. Fig 33 :Monostable Operation Figure:34 Figure 34. illustrates a monostable circuit. In this mode, the timer generates a fixed pulse whenever the trigger voltage falls below Vcc/3. When the trigger pulse voltage applied to the #2 pin falls below Vcc/3 while the timer output is low, the timers internal flip-flop turns the discharging Tr. off and causes the timer output to become high by charging the external capacitor C1 and setting the flip-flop output at the same time. The voltage across the external capacitor C1, VC1 increases exponentially with the time constant t=RA*C and reaches 2Vcc/3 at td=1.1RA*C. Hence, capacitor C1 is charged through resistor RA. The greater the time constant RAC, the longer it takes for the VC1 to reach 2Vcc/3. In other words, the time constant RAC controls the output pulse width. When the applied voltage to the capacitor C1 reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator on the trigger terminal resets the flip-flop, turning the discharging Tr. on. At this time, C1 begins to discharge and the timer output conver ts to low. In this way, the timer operating in the monostablerepeats the above process. Figure 10 shows the general waveforms during the monostable operation. It must be noted that, for a normal operation, the trigger pulse voltage needs to maintain a minimum of Vcc/3 before the timer output turns low. That is, although the output remains unaffected even if a different trigger pulse is applied while the output is high, it may be affected and the waveform does not operate properly if the trigger pulse voltage at the end of the output pulse remains at below Vcc/3 Fig 35 :Astable operation An astable timer operation is achieved by adding resistor RB to Figure 1 and configuring as shown on Figure 5. In the astable operation, the trigger terminal and the threshold terminal are connected so that a self-trigger is formed, operating as a multi vibrator. When the timer output is high, its internal discharging Tr. turns off and the VC1 increases by exponential function with the time constant (RA+RB)*C. When the VC1, or the threshold voltage, reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high, resetting the F/F and causing the timer output to become low. This in turn turns on the discharging Tr. and the C1 discharges through the discharging channel formed by RB and the discharging Tr. When the VC1 falls below Vcc/3, the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high and the timer output becomes high again. The discharging Tr. turns off and the VC1 rises again. In the above process, the section where the timer output is high is the time it takes for the VC1 to rise from Vcc/3 to 2Vcc/3, and the section where the timer output is low is the time it takes for the VC1 to drop from 2Vcc/3 to Vcc/3. When timer output is high, the equivalent circuit for charging capacitor C1 is as follows Fig 36 :Astable operation Waveform 12.Diode The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a sandwich of P-type semiconducting material, with contacts provided to connect the p-and n-type layers to an external circuit. This is a junction Diode. If the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material (cathode) and the negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a large current will flow. This is called forward current or forward biased. If the connections are reversed, a very little current will flow. This is because under this condition, the p-type material will accept the electrons from the negative terminal of the battery and the N-type material will give up its free electrons to the battery, resulting in the state of electrical equilibrium since the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus there will be a small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased. Thus the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one direction while blocking it in the other direction. Power diodes are used in concerting AC into DC. In this, current will flow freely during the first half cycle (forward biased) and practically not at all during the other half cycle (reverse biased). This makes the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into pulsating dc. Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener diodes are used in the circuit to control the voltage. Figure:37 Some common diodes are:- 1. Zener diode. 2. Photo diode. 3. Light Emitting diode. ZENER DIODE:- A zener diode is specially designed junction diode, which can operate continuously without being damaged in the region of reverse break down voltage. One of the most important applications of zener diode is the design of constant voltage power supply. The zener diode is joined in reverse bias to d.c. through a resistance R of suitable value. PHOTO DIODE:- A photo diode is a junction diode made from photo- sensitive semiconductor or material. In such a diode, there is a provision to allow the light of suitable frequency to fall on the p-n junction. It is reverse biased, but the voltage applied is less than the break down voltage. As the intensity of incident light is increased, current goes on increasing till it becomes maximum. The maximum current is called saturation current. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):- When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction due to recombination of electrons and holes. In case of silicon and germanium diodes, the energy released is in infrared region. In the junction diode made of gallium arsenate or indium phosphide, the energy is released in visible region. Such a junction diode is called a light emitting diode or LED. LIST OF INSRUMENTS TOOLS TOOLS: Soldering Iron Tweezers Screw Driver Cutter De Soldering Pump INSTRUMENTS: Digital Multimeter OTHER MATERIALS: Solder Flux De Soldering Wick Soldering Iron Stand Image of project Figure:38 Applications: 1.Electronic Jam Is Commonly Used In Quiz Contests Figure:39 2.Finger First Is The Basic Principle 3.It Adds Beauty To Active Quiz Shows Contains Many Buzzer Rounds 4.Inputs Can Be Handle At A Time Figure:40 5.Uses Seven Segment Display Instead of LED/bulb For Visual Interface 6.This Electronic Jam Is Built With The View Of Making The Game Show Priority Less Advantages: Handy device Low power consumption More accurate Easy to use Visual interface adds its advantage Disadvantages: Input is limited to eight. Future scope: Instead of Seven Segment display LCD screens can be implemented Priority list of all inputs can be imparted in Output Conclusion: Project Aims the Implemenatation of Electonic Jam for making Quiz shows priority Less Seven Segment display included for more User nterface Cost of Project: S.No. Component Quantity Cost 1. IC74373 1 60 2. IC 555 1 30 3. IC 7430 1 60 4. IC 7447 1 35 5. IC 74147 1 65 6. IC7400 1 24 7. IC7404 1 20 8. Transistor 1 3 9. Diode 2 4 10. 7 segment display 1 20 11. Transformer 1 40 12. Ceramic Capacitor 2 4 13. Electrolytic Capacitors 1 5 14. Resistor 18 40 15. PCB designing 600 16. Misc(Solder wire, connecting wire, Connectors etc) 200 Total 1210