Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Death - Essay Example The hospitals and health care systems have become such an all-encompassing establishment that â€Å"personally witnessed death has become an uncommon event in many Western countries† (Aiken, 2001, p.6). This phenomenon has been viewed as an attempt to â€Å"deny the reality of death† (Aiken, 2001, p.6). All the same, media, especially visual media have been showing vivid pictures and scenes of death so enthusiastically that death has become a daily affair for the viewers (Aiken, 2001, p.6). In this way, death has become a fearsome taboo as well as an enjoyable spectacle, on two extremes of our modern times. In medical terms, it can be said that: When the body dies, cells in the higher brain centers, which are very susceptible to oxygen deprivation, die first. This usually occurs between 5 to 10 min after the supply of oxygen is cut off. Next to die are the cells in the lower brain centers, including those in the medulla oblongata, which is the regulator of respiration, heartbeat and other vital reflexes (Aiken, 2001, p.7). There are other perspectives on death as described by different branches of human thought.

Ielts Preparation Essay Example for Free

Ielts Preparation Essay Onam is one of the greatest festivals of INDIA. It is celebrated with Joy and enthusiasm all over the Country by all communities. It is celebrated in the beginning of September. It is a celebration of 10 days. The Legend of ONAM is, It is celebrated to welcome the King Mahabali, whose spirit is said to visit India at the time on ONAM. The story goes that, the beautiful state of Kerala was once ruled by a Demon King , Mahabali. The king was greatly respected in his kingdom and was considered to be wise, judicious and extreamly generous. It is said that Kerala witnessed its golden era in the reign of King Mahabali. Everybody was happy in his kingdom and there was no discrimination on the basis of caste or class. Rich and poor were equally treated. There was neither crime nor corruption. People did not even lock their doors, as there were no thieves in the kingdom, there was no poverty sorrow during his reign and everybody was Happy. Looking at his fame and growing popularity, Gods became jealousy on him, and send him to an unknown world(nether world), Since Mahabali is o attached to the people of India, before send him to the nether world, the God gave him a boon to visit India once in a Year. During his visit India celebrate as ONAM. During the 10 days festival, The government declared as a Public holidays for School and colleges. During the festival; all the families gather together and celebrate. There are various sports loke Snake Boat rice, Elephant race, tug of war etc are celebrated. People bun w dresses, and it is festival of unity and happiness.

Fastest Finger First Project Report

Fastest Finger First Project Report Abstract In the buzzer round of quiz contests, the question is thrown open to all the teams. The person who knows the answer hits the buzzer first and then answers the question. Sometimes two or more players hit the buzzer almost simultaneously and it is very difficult to detect which of them has pressed the buzzer first. In television shows, where the whole event is recorded, the actions are replayed in slow motion to detect the first hit. Such slow motions are possible only where huge funds are available to conduct the show. For this reason buzzer rounds are avoided for quiz contests held in colleges. This project is an electronic quiz buzzer that is affordable by the colleges and even individuals. This project is useful for a 4-team quiz contest, although it can be modified for more number of teams. This system is sensitive. The circuit can detect and record the first hit contestant among all the contestants that may appear to be simultaneous Buzzer controllers for 4-team quizzes are readily available in the market. However, buzzer controller capable handling six or eight team are hard to find. The circuit presented here can be used for up to eight teams. It can be easily expanded to accommodated more teams through suitable cascading of latches and AND gates along with transistors, relays, etc. In the buzzer round of any quiz contest question are thrown open to all the participating teams. Each team has a push button switch to ring the buzzer. After hearing the question any member of a team who knows the answer and hits there switch first gets a chance to answer. In multiple cases who hit the switch first gets the opportunity to reply. For next round the quiz master reset the buzzer operation circuit by pressing the reset switch. For visual indication all teams have the lamp fitted on their desk. The lamps glow until the reset of buzzer controller indicating the eligible team for replying the question. For audio indication the buzzer rings and turns off automatically after a few second. The audio visual circuit is powered through actuation of relay contacts. Here 230v AC has been used. BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure:1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Figure:2 Figure:2 Working of Finger first indicator Fastest finger first indicators (FFFIs) are used to test the players reaction time. The players designated number is displayed with an audio alarm when the player presses his entry button. The circuit presented here determines as to which of the 8 contestants first pressed the button and locks out the remaining three entries. Simultaneously, an audio alarm and the correct decimal number display of the corresponding contestant are activated. When a contestant presses his switch, the corresponding output of latch IC1 (74373) changes its logic state from 1 to 0. The combinational circuitry comprising dual 4-input NAND gates of IC3 (7430) locks out subsequent entries by producing the appropriate latch-disable signal. Priority encoder IC2 (74147) encodes the active-low input condition into the corresponding binary coded decimal (BCD) number output. The outputs of IC4 after inversion by inverter gates inside hex inverter 74LS04 (IC5) are coupled to BCDto-7-segment decoder/display driver IC6 (7447). The output of IC6 drives common anode 7-segment LED display (DIS.1, FND507 or LT543). The audio alarm generator comprises clock oscillator (555), whose output drives a loudspeaker. The oscillator frequency can be varied with the help of Preset VR1. Logic 0 state at one of the outputs of IC2 produces logic 1 input condition at pin 4 of 555, thereby enabling the audio oscillator. 555 needs +12V DC supply for sufficient alarm level. The remaining circuit operates on regulated +5V DC supply, which is obtained using (7805).Once the organiser identifies the contestant who pressed the switch first, he disables the audio alarm and at the same time forces the digital display to 0 by pressing reset pushbutton S9 PCB FABRICATION PCB Designing is an important part of the project development, complexity size the PCB for our Project Buzzer Controller For 8-Team Quiz Contests is made by Photo chemical process on copper clad base materials the following steps are involved in Fabrication. Layout designing 1. Art work designing 2. Negative preparation 3. Eleclining 4. Cleaning 5. Coating of Protective layer 6. Drilling 7. Testing Figure:3LAYOUT DESIGNING:- First of all we have prepared the layout designing on graph paper according to the schematic diagram. To layout diagram shown in the tracks on PCB to join the components as per schematic diagram. Taking the consideration actual size (100%) of each components and pin to pin distance of the components. ART WORK DESIGNING:- Art work is the preparation after the layout Modification. Art work is prepared on clad shed by tracking the circuit. On it with tapes different width, circular pads, IC pads cutter 2. NEGATIVE PREPARETION:- For the preparation of Negative the photographic with feint is to cut to the six of the art work it is then place with film in the vertical photographic camera the developer used in the lithe developer. Which consist of A B developer mixed in same proportion. The film is then fixed through fixer which is the Sodium Thiosulphate solution the film then washed with the water and then dried. At least to clean the liquor thinner to protect the tracks from corrosion and moisture effects. Figure:4 4. ELECLINING:- It is the process in which extra copper is removed from copper clad sheet with heep Ferric Chloride(feels) solution. The copper clad sheet is dipped in the feels for about 3 hours. By this process we got the PCB with wanted tracks. 5. CLEANING:- Now remove the dye with help of thinner, wash it with water and dry it in sun light. 6. COATING OF PROTECTIVE LAYERS:- The PCB is now Coated with non-conducting solution. LAQUAR to prevent the tracks from environment hazards like corrosion and moisture effects. Figure:5 PCB LAYOUT FOR FINGER FIRST INDICATOR Figure:6 7. DRILLING:- Drilling is done to create the components lead holes Drill of 1mm.(Diameter) is used. 8. TESTING:- The copper tracks are tested with the digital multimeter if any track is open short can be repaired before mounting the components on PCB. Now PCB is ready for assembly. COMPONENTS LIST Semiconductors: IC1 -74LS373 IC2 -74LS147 IC3 -74LS30 IC4 -74LS00 IC5 74LS04 IC6 74LS47 IC7 -7805, 5V regulator IC8 NE555 timer T1 -BC547 NPN transistor 7- segment display- DIS.1, FND507 or LT543 Resistors (all1/4-watt, +/-5% carbons): R1-R8 -1kilo-ohm R9 -2.2 kilo-ohm R10 -R11 10-kilo-ohm R12-R18 560 ohm VR1 -2-mega-ohm preset Capacitors: C1 -0.01microF, 35V electrolytic C2 0.1microF, 16V electrolytic C3 0.01microF, ceramic disk Miscellaneous: X1 -230V AC primary to 12V, 500mA Secondary transformer S1-S8 -push-to-on switch S9 push-to-off switch BELL -230V AC electric bell Details of various components used Figure:71.74LS373 Figure:8 2.74LS147 Figure:9 Figure:10 3.74LS30 Figure:11 Internal description of 74LS30 Figure:12 Figure:13 5.74LS04 Figure:14 Figure:15 6.74LS00 Figure:16 Figure:18 Figure:17 Figure:19 Figure:20 7. IC7447 Figure:20 8 .Transformer Figure:21 Laminated steel core Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high Permeability (electromagnetism) permeabilitysilicon steel. permeability many times that of free space, and the core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a path which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy-current losses, and their designs mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained in use. Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of insulation.indicates a minimum cross-sectional area for the core to avoid saturation. The effect of laminations is to confine eddy currents to highly elliptical paths that enclose little flux, and so reduce their magnitude. Thinner laminations reduce losses, Thin laminations are generally used on high frequency transformers, with some types of very thin steel laminations able to operate up to 10  kHz. One common design of laminated core is made from interleaved stacks of pieces, leading to its name of E-I transformer.Such a design tends to exhibit more losses, but is very economical to manufacture. The cut-core or C-core type is made by winding a steel strip around a rectangular form and then bonding the layers together. It is then cut in two, forming two C shapes, and the core assembled by binding the two C halves together with a steel strap. They have the advantage that the flux is always oriented parallel to the metal grains, reducing reluctance. A steel cores means that it retains a static magnetic field when power is removed. When power is then reapplied, the residual field will cause a high until the effect of the remaining magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the applied alternating current. Over current protection devices such as must be selected to allow this harmless inrush to pass. On transformers connected to long, overhead power transmission lines, induced currents due to during can cause saturation of the core and operation of transformer protection devices. The transformer converts the 220 V AC into 9 V AC. The Bridge wave rectifier converts the ( V AC into rippled DC. This rippled DC is given as input to the 7805/7809 Voltage regulator IC. A separate power supply is given for the Stepper Motor which has the same power supply setup for converting the 220 V AC into 9V DC. The DC Power Supply circuit is based around the 7805 voltage regulator. It has only 3 connections (input, output and ground) and it provides a fixed output. The last two digits of the part number specify the output voltage, eg. 05, 06, 08, 10, 12, 15, 18, or 24. The 7800 series provides up to 1 amp load current and has on-chip circuitry to shut down the regulator if any attempt is made to operate it outside its safe operating area. (If this happens to you, let the chip cool down attach the heatsink.) It can be seen that there are in fact two separate circuits in this power supply. One 7805 is directly connected as a fixed 5V regulator. The second 7805 has a resistor divider network on the output. A variable 500 ohm potentiometer is used to vary the output voltage from a minimum of 5V up to the maximum DC voltage depending on the input voltage. It will be about 2V below the input DC voltage.) The capacitor across the output improves transient response. The large capacitor across the input is a filter capacitor to help smooth out ripple in the rectified AC voltage. The larger the filter capacitor the lower the ripple IC-7805 One can get a constant high-voltage power supply using inexpensive 3-terminal voltage regulators through some simple techniques described below. Depending upon the current requirement, a reasonable load regulation can be achieved. Line regulation in all cases is equal to that of the voltage regulator used. Though high voltage can be obtained with suitable voltage boost circuitry using ICs like LM 723, some advantages of the circuits presented below are: simplicity, low cost, and practically reasonable regulation characteristics. For currents of the order of 1A or less, only one zener and some resistors and capacitors are needed. For higher currents, one pass transistor such as ECP055 is needed. Before developing the final circuits, let us first understand the 3-terminal type constant voltage regulators. Let us see the schematic in Fig. where 78XX is a 3-terminal voltage regulator. Schematic for obtaining low-voltage regulated output using 3-terminal Figure:22 voltage regulators. Rectified and filtered unregulated voltage is applied at VIN and a constant voltage appears between pins 2 and 2 of the voltage regulator. *The distribution of two currents in the circuit (IBIAS and ILOAD) is as shown. It is highly recommended to use the two capacitors as shown. Electrically regulator will be at a distance from the rectifier supply. Thus, a tantalum grade capacitor of 5mf and rated voltage is good. Electrolytic capacitor is not suitable for it is poor in response to load transients, which have high frequency components.At the output side a 0.22mf disc ceramic capacitor is useful to eliminate spurious oscillations, which the regulator might break into because of its internal high gain circuitry. Figure:23 These voltage regulators have a typical bias current of 5 mA, which is reasonably constant. By inserting a small resistor Rx between pin 2 and ground, the output voltage in many cases. By this method voltage increment of 5 to 10 per cent is practically feasible. However, if a high-value resistance is used to obtain a higher output voltage, a slight variation in bias current will result in wide variation of the output voltage. 8. BC547 Transistor In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits. Figure:24 Features à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ NPN Silicon Epitaxial Planar Transistors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ These transistors are subdivided into three groups A, B, and C according to their current gain. The type BC546 is available in groups A and B,n however, the types BC547 and BC548 can be supplied in all three groups. As complementary types the PNP transistors BC556BC558 are recommended. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ On special request, these transistors are also manufactured in the pin configuration TO-18. Mechanical Data Case: TO-92 Plastic Package Weight: approx. 0.18g Packaging Codes/Options: E6/Bulk 5K per container, 20K/box E7/4K per Ammo mag., 20K/box Figure:25 9.Ceramic capacitor: These are the disk-type ceramic capacitors. Because the high frequency characteristic is good, these are used as the coupling capacitors (It cuts the direct current but it lets through the alternating current. Figure:26 10.Electrolytic Capacitor: This capacitor is used as the ripple filter capacitor of the power circuit. There is polarity. So, be careful so as not to make a mistake when mounting it. Figure:27 Electrolyte Capacitor Figure:28 Metallised Polyester Film Capacitors With tolerance of 10%. Operating temperature -40oC to +85oC. Compact Size Non Inductive Design 11.RESISTANCE Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms ( -). All conductors represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100% efficient. To control the electron flow (current) in a predictable manner, we use resistors. Electronic circuits use calibrated lumped resistance to control the flow of current. Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groups viz. fixed adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the value is fixed cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the resistance value can be varied by an adjusteknob. It can be divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c) Special type. The most common type of resistors used in our projects is carbon type. The resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance has four colours, one of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is called fourth band and indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the value of resistance (see table). For example if a resistor has the following marking on it say red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is  ±5%. Resistor comes in various sizes (Power rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of 1/4 watts. The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value as given below. COLOURS CODE Black 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Blue 6 Violet 7 Grey 8 White 9 Figure:29 The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives the second digit. The third ring indicates the number of zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives tolerance (gold  ±5%, silver  ± 10%, No colour  ± 20%). In variable resistors, we have the dial type of resistance boxes. There is a knob with a metal pointer. This presses over brass pieces placed along a circle with some space b/w each of them. Resistance coils of different values are connected b/w the gaps. When the knob is rotated, the pointer also moves over the brass pieces. If a gap is skipped over, its resistance is included in the circuit. If two gaps are skipped over, the resistances of both together are included in the circuit and so on. 12.The 555 TIMER Description The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses. With a monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and one capacitor. With an astable operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor. Figure:30 Features à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High Current Drive Capability (200mA) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adjustable Duty Cycle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Temperature Stability of 0.005%/ ½Ã‚ °C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Timing FromÃŽÂ ¼Sec to Hours à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Turn off Time Less Than 2ÃŽÂ ¼Sec Applications à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Precision Timing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pulse Generation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time Delay Generation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sequential Timing Pin Description of 555 Timer Figure:31 Power supply: Pin 8 is used to connect the positive power supply (Vs) to the 555. This can be any voltage between 3V and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital ICs. Pin 1 is the 0V connection to the power supply. Trigger and Reset Inputs: Pin 2 is called the trigger input as it is this input that sets the output to the high state. Pin 4 is called the reset input as it is this input that resets the o/p to the low state. Both pins may be connected to push buttons to control the operation of the 555.Sometimes the reset input is not used in a circuit, in which case it is connected directly to Vs to that unwanted resetting cant occur. Threshold and discharge: Pins 6 and7 (and sometimes the Trigger i/p, pin2) are used to set up the timing aspect of the 555 IC. They are normally connected to a combination of resistors and a capacitor. Offset: Pin 5 can be used to alter the timing aspect of the 555 IC in applications such as frequency modulation. Output: Pin 3 is the digital output of the 555.It can be connected directly to the inputs of other digitaICs, or it can control other devices Figure:32 When the low signal input is applied to the reset terminal, the timer output remains low regardless of the threshold voltage or the trigger voltage. Only when the high signal is applied to the reset terminal, the timers output changes according to threshold voltage and trigger voltage. When the threshold voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply voltage while the timer output is high, the timers internal discharge Tr. turns on, lowering the threshold voltage to below 1/3 of the supply voltage. During this time, the timer output is maintained low. Later, if a low signal is applied to the trigger voltage so that it becomes 1/3 of the supply voltage, the timers internal discharge Tr. turns off, increasing the threshold voltage and driving the timer output again at high. Fig 33 :Monostable Operation Figure:34 Figure 34. illustrates a monostable circuit. In this mode, the timer generates a fixed pulse whenever the trigger voltage falls below Vcc/3. When the trigger pulse voltage applied to the #2 pin falls below Vcc/3 while the timer output is low, the timers internal flip-flop turns the discharging Tr. off and causes the timer output to become high by charging the external capacitor C1 and setting the flip-flop output at the same time. The voltage across the external capacitor C1, VC1 increases exponentially with the time constant t=RA*C and reaches 2Vcc/3 at td=1.1RA*C. Hence, capacitor C1 is charged through resistor RA. The greater the time constant RAC, the longer it takes for the VC1 to reach 2Vcc/3. In other words, the time constant RAC controls the output pulse width. When the applied voltage to the capacitor C1 reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator on the trigger terminal resets the flip-flop, turning the discharging Tr. on. At this time, C1 begins to discharge and the timer output conver ts to low. In this way, the timer operating in the monostablerepeats the above process. Figure 10 shows the general waveforms during the monostable operation. It must be noted that, for a normal operation, the trigger pulse voltage needs to maintain a minimum of Vcc/3 before the timer output turns low. That is, although the output remains unaffected even if a different trigger pulse is applied while the output is high, it may be affected and the waveform does not operate properly if the trigger pulse voltage at the end of the output pulse remains at below Vcc/3 Fig 35 :Astable operation An astable timer operation is achieved by adding resistor RB to Figure 1 and configuring as shown on Figure 5. In the astable operation, the trigger terminal and the threshold terminal are connected so that a self-trigger is formed, operating as a multi vibrator. When the timer output is high, its internal discharging Tr. turns off and the VC1 increases by exponential function with the time constant (RA+RB)*C. When the VC1, or the threshold voltage, reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high, resetting the F/F and causing the timer output to become low. This in turn turns on the discharging Tr. and the C1 discharges through the discharging channel formed by RB and the discharging Tr. When the VC1 falls below Vcc/3, the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high and the timer output becomes high again. The discharging Tr. turns off and the VC1 rises again. In the above process, the section where the timer output is high is the time it takes for the VC1 to rise from Vcc/3 to 2Vcc/3, and the section where the timer output is low is the time it takes for the VC1 to drop from 2Vcc/3 to Vcc/3. When timer output is high, the equivalent circuit for charging capacitor C1 is as follows Fig 36 :Astable operation Waveform 12.Diode The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a sandwich of P-type semiconducting material, with contacts provided to connect the p-and n-type layers to an external circuit. This is a junction Diode. If the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material (cathode) and the negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a large current will flow. This is called forward current or forward biased. If the connections are reversed, a very little current will flow. This is because under this condition, the p-type material will accept the electrons from the negative terminal of the battery and the N-type material will give up its free electrons to the battery, resulting in the state of electrical equilibrium since the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus there will be a small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased. Thus the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one direction while blocking it in the other direction. Power diodes are used in concerting AC into DC. In this, current will flow freely during the first half cycle (forward biased) and practically not at all during the other half cycle (reverse biased). This makes the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into pulsating dc. Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener diodes are used in the circuit to control the voltage. Figure:37 Some common diodes are:- 1. Zener diode. 2. Photo diode. 3. Light Emitting diode. ZENER DIODE:- A zener diode is specially designed junction diode, which can operate continuously without being damaged in the region of reverse break down voltage. One of the most important applications of zener diode is the design of constant voltage power supply. The zener diode is joined in reverse bias to d.c. through a resistance R of suitable value. PHOTO DIODE:- A photo diode is a junction diode made from photo- sensitive semiconductor or material. In such a diode, there is a provision to allow the light of suitable frequency to fall on the p-n junction. It is reverse biased, but the voltage applied is less than the break down voltage. As the intensity of incident light is increased, current goes on increasing till it becomes maximum. The maximum current is called saturation current. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):- When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction due to recombination of electrons and holes. In case of silicon and germanium diodes, the energy released is in infrared region. In the junction diode made of gallium arsenate or indium phosphide, the energy is released in visible region. Such a junction diode is called a light emitting diode or LED. LIST OF INSRUMENTS TOOLS TOOLS: Soldering Iron Tweezers Screw Driver Cutter De Soldering Pump INSTRUMENTS: Digital Multimeter OTHER MATERIALS: Solder Flux De Soldering Wick Soldering Iron Stand Image of project Figure:38 Applications: 1.Electronic Jam Is Commonly Used In Quiz Contests Figure:39 2.Finger First Is The Basic Principle 3.It Adds Beauty To Active Quiz Shows Contains Many Buzzer Rounds 4.Inputs Can Be Handle At A Time Figure:40 5.Uses Seven Segment Display Instead of LED/bulb For Visual Interface 6.This Electronic Jam Is Built With The View Of Making The Game Show Priority Less Advantages: Handy device Low power consumption More accurate Easy to use Visual interface adds its advantage Disadvantages: Input is limited to eight. Future scope: Instead of Seven Segment display LCD screens can be implemented Priority list of all inputs can be imparted in Output Conclusion: Project Aims the Implemenatation of Electonic Jam for making Quiz shows priority Less Seven Segment display included for more User nterface Cost of Project: S.No. Component Quantity Cost 1. IC74373 1 60 2. IC 555 1 30 3. IC 7430 1 60 4. IC 7447 1 35 5. IC 74147 1 65 6. IC7400 1 24 7. IC7404 1 20 8. Transistor 1 3 9. Diode 2 4 10. 7 segment display 1 20 11. Transformer 1 40 12. Ceramic Capacitor 2 4 13. Electrolytic Capacitors 1 5 14. Resistor 18 40 15. PCB designing 600 16. Misc(Solder wire, connecting wire, Connectors etc) 200 Total 1210

The Bean Trees Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"The Bean Trees†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Bean Trees there are lots of themes that add up to a well-made story. One of the more obvious themes is that of immigration and the Underground Railroad that Mattie helps run. Within the book there are also several references to child abuse. Another is that of Teen pregnancy that is introduced early on. This however is not all of the themes that are used, but they are some of the more prominent and reoccurring ones in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the themes is teen pregnancy, it however is primarily only talked about it the first chapter. This is one of the greatest driving forces for getting Taylor out of Kentucky. Taylor starts in a society where the many of the girls in her school and town become pregnant at a young age. This all but impresses Taylor and motivates her to become someone better than all the pregnant girls of her town. It motivates her even more when Newt Hardbine and Jolene Shanks arrive at the hospital. Newt had been shot by his father and furthermore Jolene had also been shot at while she was carrying a baby. As this reality dawns on her it grips to her soul and immediately changes the way she views the world. This turn of events has a great impact on her future. I think her decision to leave is sealed on that day. Soon after, Taylor pools her money together and she buys a 55 Volkswagen. After Taylor ties up a few ends at home she is on her way. Taylor after getting some miles und...

Business Administration Goals Essay

The world of business is one of the most complex yet interesting fields that an aspiring professional may dwell into. Business can turn a poor man into a tycoon just by venturing to franchise, invent a new device or work for a million-dollar company. Even though business may sometimes scare other individuals, it is also the very reason why others strive hard to be a part of the fast-moving commerce elites. As mentioned, it makes great impact to a person’s life. Hence, not all who took the risk was able to succeed, if business is not administered in the most effective way—it could cost a person a lifetime in paying debts. Conceivably, I belong to the group of aspiring individuals who dreams of having a company that will change lives of other people. Even though I am aware of the risks of petitioning myself to the lives of the privileged, I am whole-heartedly stepping forward to pursue my dream. My sole ambition is to serve the public with grace and wit—make ethical decisions and sustain financial stability—but before all that, I know I must be able to hone myself in becoming one. Success does not happen overnight. It requires determination and the right education to build an empire of assets. My dad is a business man. I grew up knowing that being a businessman means being a leader. It does not necessarily mean that I need to have constituents to lead, but that I need to be decisive. My father always told me that business tycoons who failed in the industry were nothing but greedy individuals who does not know a thing or two in making decisions—the ethical ones. Since then I promised to myself that I will be a leader who knows how to lead well. A person anchored not only with tangible assets but with knowledge. Entering college served as a crossroad for my dreams. I was torn between engineering and business. Most of my friends in high school encouraged me to enroll with engineering courses. For a while I was dumbfounded with the thought that neither of my friends wanted to become leaders of tomorrow—own a construction company per se. But my instinct was racing through my veins, as I turn every magazine that featured the finest business tycoons in the country, my heart pounded. I then knew I wanted to be like them. It was a field that I grew up with and it will be what I shall pursue. I had my degree in business administration. The goal that made me pursue my dream was a manifestation of my confidence. The training that I have received inside the walls of the classroom and off to the real world brought out the entrepreneur in me. During my academic years, my mentors taught me how to manage a business entity—the aptitude in solving problems which are based on the comprehension of tools, concepts, and theories of functional business disciplines. Aside from that, it is through education that I acquired the capability to excel functional borders, fusing and integrating information to create multifaceted, short-term decisions with limited data. Education has served me well in honing myself in becoming a capitalist of the 21st century. It was through commencing and conducting researches and divulge in competitive analysis that I was able to apply the strategies that I learnt. I realized that environmental scanning is necessary for long-term strategic decisions. To effectively harness and utilize the dawning of technology and employ such in the most deliberate manner was a mean of keeping one’s game alive. Competition is tight in the business arena. Each player must be prepared and must have forecasting methods to stay in the game. My goal is to enrich my knowledge on these fields which I know are beneficial for my future career. Every individual have a set of goals. Mine only happens not only to be a goal but also a dream that I have long wished to hold a grasp of. I want to improve the knowledge and skills that I have acquired in my tertiary years. I humbly believe that there is more to learn. Given the fact that I am determined to run a company that will provide employment for the underprivileged, I know I need to be equipped with the capacity to balance finances and be armed with managerial skills. In the light, I am optimistic that I will succeed. Every single lesson will help me in the future and possibly help others. I do not only wish to keep the knowledge that I have for myself but I also intend to share these with other aspirants—to help the next generation in raising the economy of the country. Globalization has expanded the face of business in the society. I consider every country an asset as new ordeals shall be discovered. Thus to be able to handle this massive weight of transactions I must learn the twists of every nation’s economy and become skilled at risk management. I am preparing myself for the worst. As mentioned earlier, anything can happen. Although quite on the contrary, I envision myself breaking boundaries. My goal now is to defy the trend of risk-taking; that given the efficient strategies, a blooming entrepreneur will not fail. Individuals who still believe in the necessity of the discipline of business administration to address real world, value laden issues would gain a foothold and began the long climb back to a place in the sun. As modularity becomes an established way of doing business, competition among fresh and old dogs in business will intensify. Nevertheless the society will look for the best-performing or lowest cost goods and services, spurring these increasingly sophisticated and independent suppliers into a race for innovation. The world is full of possibilities, they say. Therefore there is a spark of hope in the goals I have set. I may sound too idealistic in this sense but I am looking on the bright side. I will make my parents proud. I will reach my goals—no matter how tough the ride gets.

Evaluate the key theories of learning in schools

Theories of larning find their roots in the kingdom of kid development, and, as such the two footings are frequently interchangeable. It is appropriate to specify the term development ; kid development is defined by the Inter-American Development Bank ( referenced in Arthur & A ; Cremin, 2010 ) as â€Å" a many-sided, built-in, and continual procedure of alteration in which kids become able to manage of all time more complex degrees of traveling, believing, feeling and associating to others † , instead â€Å" Child development refers to the biological and psychological alterations that occur in human existences between construct and the terminal of adolescence, as the single advancements from dependence to increasing liberty † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.selfgrowth.com/articles/definition_child_development.html ) . Many definitions of kid development describe the procedure of kid development as the patterned advance from dependance to autonomy and foreground th e value of experience in this respect. However, as it is hard to specify their effects/value many definitions do non account for the impact of topographic point, clip and cultural and societal influence upon both the likeliness for development and the degree of development which can be achieved. These are of import factors impacting larning which can non be overlooked. As will go clear, larning is non ( and should non be ) restricted to childhood – acquisition is invariably available through all of our experiences. Learning is nevertheless, more rapid and receives significantly more focal point at the earlier phases of life due to the demand to quickly develop cognitive, societal and emotional accomplishments which form portion of the turning personality of the kid. It is of import to observe nevertheless, that cause and consequence are ill-defined. For illustration it could besides be personality ( at any phase of its development ) which affects the environments and state of affairss to which the kid chooses to expose themselves and later the content and quality of the acquisition available. There are a figure of theories which aim to explicate this procedure of kid development, how they begin and continue to larn, and explicate the grounds for developmental differences between kids. These theories have over clip experienced their ain development with go oning research and are frequently influential upon what is determined as best pattern for learning to ease maximum kid development ( Q10 ) . In other words, the ways in which kids develop straight affect teaching method of both single instructors and the ethos adopted by the school ( Q22 ) . The competence of the instructor to present learning which caters for single developmental demands affects development through acquisition and later may bring forth the demand for alteration of teaching method ( dependent upon the level/success of learning ) . It is hence the duty of the instructor to supervise the advancement and effectivity of their instruction for each kid, particularly to supply each kid with the ability to aptly place chances for acquisition and the manner ( s ) in which they can outdo derive the maximum benefit from each of these chances. This clearly demonstrates the cyclical nature of development and the demand for all parties to be committed to the acquisition procedure. This is important as developmental advancement made at the early phases of life are influential manner beyond childhood ; the experiences which bring about larning are really likely to determine grownup experience, grownup personality/tendencies/preferences and success as defined by the footings of Every Child Matters policy ( to be healthy, to remain safe, enjoy and achieve, do a positive part and accomplish economic wellbeing ) . This instruction must get down at an early phase through parental influence ( Q5 ) – as all experiences can hold a good impact upon larning – and go on through the early phases where drama is constructive, and onwards during the entireness of the formal schooling period. It has been identified by assorted research workers ( e.g. Piaget 1951 ; Smilansky, 1968 & A ; Power, 2000 ) that there are different types of drama which are valuable as the earliest signifier of larning through experimentation and regulation testing, these are: Locomotor or physical-activity drama including exercising and rough and tumble drama. Play with objects. Fantasy and socio-dramatic drama. Language drama. Friedrich Froebel ( 1906 ) besides recognised the value of drama ; â€Å" Play, genuinely recognized and justly fostered, unites the shooting life of the kid attentively with the mature life of experiences of the grownup and therefore Fosters the one through the other. † ( referred to in Smith, P. K. , Cowie, H. & A ; Blades, M. 2003, p. 229 ) Sing this attack, development can be sought by the kid and nurtured by counsel from grownups including instructors. This procedure is enhanced by the proviso of the appropriate stuffs and larning environments as shaped by the instructor. It is indispensable for all acquisition that linguistic communication, both spoken and observed ( organic structure ) are used suitably to ease larning – without linguistic communication we can non go through on the cognition and experience required for growing through counsel. Conversely it is clear that linguistic communication is non necessary for self-experimentation, although it would assist the scholar to discourse their observations following the experimentation. With this in head, it is necessary for kids to be exposed to many manners and degrees of linguistic communication ability to larn from one another, particularly in happening an alternate if one party finds communicating hard. Thus the instructor should promote communicating and Foster co-operation throughout larning activities. In an inclusive environment, successful employment of this technique will let all kids to maximize their possible under the counsel of a robust, flexible and rich teaching method. A figure of the cardinal points provided by a figure of cardinal theoreticians who have influenced acquisition are discussed below ; Jean Piaget ( 1951 ) focused on how the kid comes to understand their universe by detecting kids ‘s idea processes, elicited during open-ended conversation with them. The success of this method is clearly dependent upon the research worker ‘s ability to inquire appropriate inquiries. Piaget suggested that kids progress through 4 age-related phases of thought by proving the logic applied to their intelligence, get downing with pattern drama, through symbolic drama ( fantasy/pretend drama ) , to games with regulations. The kid possesses a figure of sets of mental operations which can be applied to objects, thoughts and constructs known as ‘schemas ‘ . The scheme ( consciousness of an entity ) can be tested and adapted where appropriate over clip, through ‘assimilation ‘ and ‘accommodation ‘ . Piaget indicated that the kid is innately able to organize bing scheme with one another to set about assorted activities at one time, or use more than one scheme to work out a job. In other words, larning influences the attack to farther acquisition. By absorbing new cognition into bing scheme, the kid ‘s cognition and scheme are enhanced, but may be falsely. With farther centripetal stimulation, new information can be accommodated into bing scheme, or into a new scheme where the kid recognises a defect in their logical thinking. The unconditioned want for equilibrium between consolidating mental constructions ( assimilation ) and growing through the impact of cognition on bing scheme ( version ) gives the scholar a thirst for larning. This thirst reaches its extremum when the experience pushes but does non over-stretch the capacity to procedure and either assimilate or suit the new information. However, Piaget ‘s research methods have been questioned ; his attack was flexible to the demands of the single kid under observation and hence through this non-standardised method it is non possible to bring forth replicable quantitative informations. Furthermore, Piaget ‘s theory has been criticised as it places a heavy accent upon the kid ‘s failures instead than successes sing their scheme. Although these issues exist, Piaget ‘s theory is influential today. His theory high spots the demand to accommodate learning to the demands of the kid as an active, instead than inactive, scholar. In this manner the instructor should make an environment and applied scientist state of affairss which allow the kid to prove and theorize. By extension, the instructor should be interested in the logical thinking which generates the kid ‘s replies, instead than the reply itself. This allows the instructor to supply content appropriate for and to convey maximal benefit to each single kid. As highlighted by Piaget it is besides cardinal to supply chances for societal interaction to develop a point of view which is less egoistic, see others ‘ and their sentiments and develop vocabulary needed to discourse issues. From my experience it is clear that pupils battle to bring forth narratives as they have non experienced abstract thoughts based in phantasy and do non possess a vocabulary which is broad plenty. As such, parents should be encouraged to read to their kid to develop these accomplishments and as suggested trial what they are hearing instead than merely listen ( this relates to Q30, Q4 and Q5 ) . The instructor should guarantee that their planning provides many chances for kids to read, experience and develop inventive accomplishments ( this relates to Q1 ) . Like Piaget, Lev Vygotsky ( 1933 ) viewed the kid as an active builder of cognition and apprehension, but was more interested in how cognition is passed from coevals to coevals and by effect how civilization affects beliefs which are held by the kid. Through societal interaction with more experient others the kid can develop the tools and cognition they need to go active members of the current society and as such are a merchandise of their cultural influences including linguistic communication, art, music and symbols developed by the bing society. In this manner acquisition is informative in nature. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that drama was a valuable method of larning and ‘the taking beginning of development in the preschool old ages ‘ ( Smith, P K & A ; Cowie, H. & A ; Blades, M. ( 2003 ) p 231 ) . Through play the kid can be liberated from the restraints of their environment and are able to prove the universe in an fanciful state of affairs. Cardinal to Vygotksy ‘s theory was the zone of proximal development ( ZPD ) defined as the difference between what a kid can make with aid and what he or she can make without counsel. Clearly, this gives the kid a degree of possible based on the quality of direction they receive from more experient equals and/or grownups. However, Vygotsky ‘s theory ne'er indicated how the more experient instructor influenced the passage through the ZPD to accomplish their possible. In this manner the instructor is responsible for placing the appropriate clip and method for intercession to help in traveling the scholar from what they can make with aid to what they can make entirely. This construct, known as staging, following Bruner ‘s extension of Vygotsky ‘s theory continues to be used today. The intercession gives the kid a construction within which they become able to explicate significance. Current pattern in school caters for larning in this manner by delegating some clip for mixed-ability group activities ; those more able are stretched by the activity they are presented with and are able to transport those who are less able through the assorted phases of idea needed to work out the job. From my observations this gives assurance to both parties and an involvement in future acquisition. Howard Gardner ( 1983 ) identified three methods/types of learning/learner as below. These classs portion principles with the theories noted above. A Ocular scholar prefers to see something and be able to read it. This type of scholar achieves best when given hand-outs and sees shows which demonstrate the acquisition content. An Auditory scholar prefers to speak about the issue and listen. This type of scholar is likely to happen it most good to larn from a talk and during treatment. A Kinaesthetic scholar prefers to larn by making and touching things. This type of scholar is best suited by an activity which includes a physical activity to prove the erudite theory such as a scientific discipline experiment. This can be demonstrated utilizing an analogy sing one ‘s attack to constructing flat-pack-furniture ; there are three common attacks, ( I ) you read all the instructions and look into you have all the pieces before you commence constructing ( ocular scholar ) , ( two ) you ignore the instructions wholly and merely finish the physique by test and mistake ( kinesthetic ) or ( three ) you have to construct the point with person so that one can discourse the following step/find it good to state what you are making aloud if you are entirely ( Auditory ) . During childhood, the kid tends to larn best utilizing a individual acquisition manner. With age and experience, the kid tends to derive the capacity to larn in many ways because of the ability to accommodate to new challenges and environments. Alternatively, this ability is possibly the merchandise of an enhanced apprehension sing ways to derive information via another acquisition manner. By going an effectual scholar the kid can go more flexible, adaptable and derive the information they need to accomplish the acquisition ends in more ways than one. Similarly it becomes possible for the kid to follow a figure of schemes which can be used to work out jobs. When be aftering for the class-room it is of import to do certain that there are chances for all types of scholar to be able to larn in their optimal manner and achieve their possible ( Relates to Q23 ) . It is indispensable to guarantee that everyone is concentrating on the undertaking and is hence able to take in the information ( Relates to Q10 ) . Changing the activities to accommodate auditory, ocular and kinesthetic scholars besides breaks the lesson into subdivisions, forestalling loss of attending, as kids appear to fight to concentrate for longer than 10 proceedingss. Honey and Mumford ( 2000 ) besides propose a figure of scholar types based on a figure of larning stages through which an person may go through ( widening the research and theory of Kolb ) . They postulate that different people prefer different methods of larning dependent upon the current state of affairs and environment. The individual moves within the rhythm of ; Experiencing a stimulation Reflecting on the object/the experience Pulling decisions and analysis Testing theory Based on the kid ‘s observations the rhythm may be completed and larning takes topographic point, or the rhythm is repeated until understanding is gained. The types of scholar identified correlative with these phases: the ‘Activist ‘ prefers making and sing the ‘Reflector ‘ observes and reflects the ‘Theorist ‘ wants to understand the implicit in grounds, construct and relationships and, the ‘Pragmatist ‘ likes to â€Å" hold a spell † attempt things to see if they work. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.learningandteaching.info/learning/experience.htm ) Honey and Mumford devised a questionnaire which allows the person to place their acquisition manner and hence the most effectual manner for them to maximize their learning potency. This method of class is reliant upon the respondent candidly replying the questionnaire with their penchants instead than replying harmonizing to what they believe will bring forth the consequence they would prefer. Equally, the questionnaire as a quantitative step may supply a consequence which is inconclusive i.e. the acquisition manner returned is a mixture of more than one manner. It is of import nevertheless, to recognize the value this can hold in the schoolroom ; by being able to place the acquisition manners and per centums of each, the instructor can be after harmonizing to single and the corporate bulk demands ( Relates to Q22 ) . Abraham Maslow proposed the Hierarchy of Need which included five degrees of demand which humans must fulfill consecutive to let larning to happen. These include: 1. Biological and Physiological demands – air, nutrient, drink, shelter, heat, slumber, etc. 2. Safety needs – protection from elements, security, order, jurisprudence, bounds, stableness, etc. 3. Belongingness and Love needs – work group, household, fondness, relationships, etc. 4. Esteem needs – self-pride, accomplishment, command, independency, position, laterality, prestigiousness, managerial duty, etc. 5. Self-Actualization needs – gaining personal potency and self-realization, seeking personal growing and extremum experiences by developing an apprehension of morality credence of facts and developing job work outing accomplishments for illustration. ( Cited in Powers, 2005 ) Maslow indicated that by fulfilling one demand another higher demand is recognised. Through this desire, development becomes possible and possible for development is merely restricted by the person ‘s motive to see state of affairss from which they can derive accomplishments and or cognition. In this manner acquisition is continual one time the basic physiological demands described by degrees one to four ( lack incentives ) have been satisfied to a degree satisfactory for the kid, they are able to satisfy their incentives for growing and seek chances or cognition to make so. For illustration, it is non possible to actuate a kid to accomplish their acquisition mark ( flat 4 ) when they ‘re holding jobs with their parents ( flat 3 ) . Equally, a kid would happen it hard to work in a group ( flat 3 ) when they ‘re holding to travel house ( flat 2 ) . This demonstrates the value of PHSE and SEAL programmes I have seen delivered ; if a kid is unable to cover with their emotions and joint their feelings, they are non free to larn. By understanding their emotions and those of others and how to act consequently allows development chances for all kids. To help this procedure the instructor must make an environment in which the kid feels physically and emotionally safe to ease effectual development ( Relates to Q31 ) . John West-Burnham proposes another holistic position on the procedure of larning as a developmental procedure. As antecedently noted a figure of degrees are offered, but here in footings of the degree of larning which can be derived from the presented information i.e. acquisition can be shallow ( â€Å" what † ) , deep ( â€Å" how † ) or profound ( â€Å" why † ) . Shallow acquisition allows the kid to develop a bank of cognition through memorization and reproduction of facts usually delivered by the instructor, whilst deep acquisition affords the kid an apprehension of the significance and hence impact of the delivered content. Deep scholars are able to absorb cognition and reflect on it and their method of larning. The instructor must prosecute in treatment with the scholar to guarantee that the decision drawn ( and understanding ) is right e.g. can the kid explain, justify and contextualise facts. Profound larning allows the kid to get down the development of a sense of ego as a alone entity capable of self-influence as a growing mechanism ( similarity to Maslow ‘s theory of self-actualization can be drawn here ) . Profound larning gives perceptual experience of possible for accomplishment and constructive rating of success and failure. In this respect the instructor should learn about morality and strive to develop an unmeasurable deg ree of assurance, delivered in a manner which serves to supply maximal benefit for each kid. As the young person of today experiences a broad cultural and societal influence it is necessary to learn accomplishments beyond shoal acquisition which allow the grownup ( as a merchandise of their childhood experience ) to be adaptable and antiphonal to a broad figure of people with a broad figure of beliefs i.e. as the consensus of social sentiment widens, kids need to develop a greater degree of complexness of idea which allows them to be flexible to the beliefs and behaviors of others as a merchandise of their civilization ( Relates to Q18 ) . For this ground, it is appropriate to promote inclusion in our schools, where instructors inspire the value of others as a function theoretical account ( Towards to Q2 ) . As highlighted above, larning is continual and cyclical. Existing cognition, the environment including societal and cultural contexts and the beliefs of others are to a great extent influential on larning. Whilst genetic sciences ( nature ) may pre-dispose us to larning in a peculiar manner and may specify our capacity for acquisition, larning can non take topographic point outside of the environmental context ( raising ) . As the theories discussed above concur, larning takes topographic point during assorted phases – usually age-related – which can non be accurately depicted as they vary from one individual to another. Furthermore whilst the theoreticians do non agree on how others ( grownups and equals ) influence the acquisition procedure, they agree of their engagement and the benefit of collaborative working as a tool for societal development ( Relates to Q6 ) . A rounded instruction with many societal and cultural facets develops a rounded immature person who is capable of accomplishing both their personal ends and working as a valuable member of society, where that society becomes capable of accomplishing the corporate end ( s ) .

Protecting our Individual Rights essays

Protecting our Individual Rights essays Individual rights are one of the cornerstones this country is based upon. In fact, individual rights are the foundation of any democracy, and certainly separate us from the misery of dictatorship, communism, and autocracy. However, while many citizens take individual rights for granted in our society, there are others who are intent on reducing individual rights in the name of "equality" and safety. Our individual rights are in jeopardy from a variety of sources, and protecting them, while still protecting society as a whole, should be foremost in the minds of all Individual rights are not a new notion. They were foremost in the minds of our forefathers who forged a new nation. Three Constitutional experts note, "As early as 1646 there arose in Massachusetts the demand for the 'enjoyment of our lives, libertys and estates, according to our due and natural rights, as freeborne subjects of the English nation'" (Barlow, Levy, and Masugi 169). This unquenchable need for freedom came from eras of oppression and tyranny in Great Britain, where only the uppermost echelons of society and business enjoyed the most prestige and privilege. Newly settled Americans hoped to forge a land where there were no class distinctions, and everyone could enjoy the same privileges and liberties. In fact, we constitutionalized these rights, which in effect meant the legislature could not simply legislate individual rights, they were guaranteed by the Constitution, and would need state approval to alter individual rights. These laws are also referred to as fundamental law, higher law, or paramount law (Barlow, Levy, and Masugi 170). Thus, law guarantees our individual rights, and as such, we sometimes take them Individual rights encompass many facets often overlooked in the struggle for individualism versus the good of the whole. Included in the basic rights we enjoy are the right to...

Capitalism and Government Spending essays

Capitalism and Government Spending essays When economic times are good it is easy for many of us to forget the important part government has played in these economic game. In times of economic crisis many people look to government for assistance, many times blaming it for not being more involved before the crisis occurred. I feel in these food times it is important to realize it is a bold man who would claim that we would be further ahead in the development and peaceful application of nuclear techniques, electronics, jet propulsion, agricultural husbandry, and disease prevention and control if during the past decade the government had not supported, directly and indirectly, a costly and commercially unsupportable research and development and instead had allowed private spending its head; or that bright people with advanced professional training would be more plentiful if education had been rationed by a full-cost price. (Bator, 1960, p. 107) there are a number of programs that simply would not exist if it were not for the go vernment, and some that would exist but members of society agree wold be unfair. These programs seem necessary for any type of long term growth. Such things as the public education system, national parks, medical research and regulation, and the implementation environment friendly guidelines are obviously a few elements in the realm of what our society feels should be supported or regulated by government and for good cause. It makes eminent sense to use markets wherever profit-guided allocation can be counted on not to go wrong. (Bator, 1960, p. 109) But where this profit-guided market would go wrong we need some institution to step in, government. I will begin with the intervention of government in the health care field. It is clear our government is very involved with our public health and has been in the past. There are numerous research projects going on now that without government support would surel...

Censorship and Classification in Australia - Free Samples to Students

Australia ranks 19 th in the world censorship ranking (Rsf.org 2018). This reveals the fact that the Australian media tends to censor a lesser amount of media that is circulated within the country. The public media of the country is very strong and is majorly managed by the two main media groups, Fairfax Media and the News Corporation (Freedomhouse.org 2018). The Australian government tends to allow more freedom to the press. China ranks 176 th in the world censorship ranking and does not allow much freedom to the press media (Rsf.org 2018). The Chinese government tend to pose a huge number of threats to the freedom of the press media and tends to put a huge amount of restriction on the various news that might get published in the press media. The journalism in China tends to be regulated by the government on the basis of the various regulations that deal with the state secrets and thus tend to be harmful for the future of the country. China is one of those countries that implement very strict censorship rules (Theguardian.com 2018). The following essay deals with the comparative study of the media censorship in the countries of Australia and China with a major focus on the various arts, music and the magazines that are censored in the countries. Both the countries, Australia and China, tend to censor the pieces of art that might be referred to as holding the content that might go against the standards that are set by the rules of the country. The countries seem to censor the materials on the basis of the age of the residents who have been viewing the same. The concerned authorities tend to ban the exclusive and the dark materials that might be depicted in any art form. The censored materials in both the countries might include the forms of the art that might depict sexually explicit content as well as the content that might display extreme violence. The Chinese censorship laws tend to be stricter than the censorship laws that are practised in Australia. The Chinese government tends to implement the various censorship laws on the circulation of the art forms within the country. The Chinese government tends to put ban on any art form that might prove to be a threat to the national integrity of the country. The bans imposed by the Australian government are mainly observed in the instances wherein the content displays the use of violent and explicit content. In case of the Chinese government, however, the censorship is done on the basis of the threat posed and thus might include all types of the art forms that are imported from the various foreign lands all over the world. The countries Australia and China impose censorship on the various music albums and other musical productions in cases wherein the content of the music tends to be explicit for circulation among the residents of the country. The Australian censorship board like its Chinese counterpart exercises a ban on the music under the conditions wherein the content of the music might be in strict disagreement with the laws of the country and the sentiments of the residents (Musicinaustralia.org.au 2018). The musical pieces might be banned by the countries if they do not comply with the terms in the laws of the country or might prove to be demeaning for a certain section of the residents of the country. The Chinese censorship laws for the musical items in circulation among the residents of the country tend to be stricter than those that are implemented by their Australian counterparts. The Chinese government is known to have imposed a ban on the musical pieces that tend to portray a criticism of the concerned government. The Chinese government, unlike the Australian government, tends to put a censorship on the circulation of the musical compositions that point at the political affairs of the state. The Chinese government is also reported to have put a partial censorship on the musical album X by the Australian singer Kylie Minogue and to have permitted the release of the album un the country only after three songs were removed from the concerned album (Osnos 2018). There are found similarities among the censorships that are implemented by both the Australian and the Chinese governments in the matters pertaining to the censorship of the various internet sources. The countries enforce a ban on the various websites that display any kind of unwanted content or the content that is not suitable for viewing by the children. The censored websites might include those that might put forth gruesome, violent and explicit content. The Chinese Government unlike their Australian counterparts have deemed certain websites to be potentially dangerous for the members of the country. The various websites are Facebook, Wikipedia, Twitter, some of the services by Google and YouTube. The Chinese government tends to put either a permanent ban or a temporary one on these websites during the various critical conditions that might occur within the country (Cfr.org 2018). The Australian Government however does not instill huge controls over the social media handles that exist within the country. The citizens enjoy their freedom of expression over the various social media handles and even use the same to bring a certain occurrence to the limelight (Aph.gov.au 2018). In lieu of the above discussion, it might be stated that there are major dissimilarities between the censorship that is used by the concerned governmental bodies that have been operational in the countries. The censorship laws that are practiced by the governments of Australia and China tend to vary from each other in all the areas that are included in the media. The censorship in case of the media on the internet is a practice that is observed to be followed by all the countries in the world and is thus considered to be a usual occurrence in the countries of Australia and China, the two countries that have been considered in the above composition. It might be safely concluded that though both the countries exercise the media censorship laws, the laws that are implemented by China are stricter than those implemented by Australia. Aph.gov.au 2018.  Censorship and Classification in Australia – Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/censorshipebrief [Accessed 6 Mar. 2018]. Cfr.org 2018.  Media Censorship in China. [online] Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china [Accessed 6 Mar. 2018]. Freedomhouse.org 2018.  Freedom of the Press 2017 | Freedom House. [online] Freedomhouse.org. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2017 [Accessed 6 Mar. 2018]. Musicinaustralia.org.au 2018.  Freedom of Expression - Music in Australia - Knowledge Base. [online] Musicinaustralia.org.au. Available at: https://musicinaustralia.org.au/index.php/Freedom_of_Expression [Accessed 8 Mar. 2018]. Osnos, E. 2018.  Opinion | China’s Censored World. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/03/opinion/sunday/chinas-censored-world.html [Accessed 8 Mar. 2018]. Rsf.org 2018.  Australia : Surveillance threat | Reporters without borders. [online] RSF. Available at: https://rsf.org/en/australia [Accessed 6 Mar. 2018]. Rsf.org 2018.  China : World’s leading prison for citizen journalists | Reporters without borders. [online] RSF. Available at: https://rsf.org/en/china [Accessed 6 Mar. 2018]. Theguardian.com 2018.  The world's most censored countries. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/may/04/pressfreedom [Accessed 6 Mar. 2018].

The Coursework is concerned with the new coalition Government's Essay

The Coursework is concerned with the new coalition Government's Localism Bill, a major piece of legislation that will affect a - Essay Example The fact is, a planning process determines who can construct and what they can construct as well as how and where that construction can be conducted. This report will identify the main planning contents of the Localism Bill, provide an analysis of the Bill’s impact on the chief stakeholders impacted by the proposed planning reforms and provide an appraisal of the winners and losers should the Bill become law. Finally, this report having identified the key planning contents of the Bill, stakeholder interests and winners and losers, a list of recommendations for achieving the Bill’s purpose will be provided. A. The Proposed Planning Procedures under the Localism Bill The Department for Communities and Local Government reports that the planning provisions of the Localism Bill is designed to â€Å"make the planning system clearer, more democratic, and more effective†.1 The first step in that direction is the abrogation of regional focus which are currently strategize d to identify parts of England and Wales that require new development. This includes targeting specific areas which have been identified by the central government. Local communities and their populations have very little input with respect to these strategies. The government has determined that regional strategies is not only â€Å"bureaucratic†, but also â€Å"undemocratic†.2 Part 5 of the Localism Bill 2010 will therefore set out to abrogate regional strategies.3 Part 5 of the Localism Bill also intends to address the current planning framework’s instructive and dictator approach by introducing neighbourhood planning.4 In other words, rather than being told by the Government what should be built and where and â€Å"how they should look,† the Localism Bill will confer upon communities the right to compose its own â€Å"neighbourhood development plan†.5 Local populations are at liberty to vote by virtue of referendum on a neighbourhood development plan if it is consistent with the country’s policy for planning and the â€Å"strategic vision for the wider area by the local authority and with other legal requirements†.6 This immediately invites questions as to whether local populations are qualified to make this kind of determination. Should the majority choose a neighbourhood development plan that is inconsistent with the country’s policy, the law, or the local authority’s vision for the wider area, the neighbourhood is ultimately left with no neighbourhood plan and will have to plan and vote all over again. A lot of time can be wasted this way and will defeat the purpose of the planning provisions under the Localism Bill relative to saving time in the planning process. Although the Localism Bill requires that local planning official lend technical support to neighbourhoods in planning their neighbourhood’s development, there is no guarantee that this support will be accepted or understood. I n addition, individual minds may be made up and no amount of advice and support will change those minds. The community’s right to build is also a novel idea and will only provide for neighbourhood development. Under Part 5 of the Localism Bill, individual groups will have the opportunity to put forth smaller development projects. These projects can include businesses, shops and dwelling houses. All benefits deriving from these projects will remain within the community.7 Part 5 of

Solar Powered Fridge Technical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Solar Powered Fridge Technical Report - Essay Example However majority of the mankind which lives in the developing or third world countries has just recently woken up to the benefits of refrigeration. As these countries continue to grow rapidly, their people will require refrigeration in some form or other. Refrigeration is required not only for keeping food fresh but is also needed for transportation of perishable products like meat, milk etc (score.uk, 2013). Although the need for refrigeration is huge, third world countries are suffering from immense energy crisis. Most of these countries do not have the resources to provide electricity to the entire population. Where electricity is available, there are problem of irregular supply and voltage problems. A huge amount of capital is also required to set up power plants in order to provide electricity to all. Such huge amounts of capital are rarely available in third world countries. After the Kyoto protocol, there is also a raised concern of environmental sustainability of economic gro wth. The model of growth being followed by developed nation is simply not sustainable. Solar power addresses both these concerns – neither does it require immense investment to ensure electricity supply nor does it harm the environment. Solar powered refrigerators thus provide an ideal solution to the refrigeration needs of the third world countries. This paper discusses the functioning of a solar powered refrigerator. It discusses the 2 prototypes - Evaporative Cooler fridge and absorption based heat driven coolers. Evaporative Cooler Fridge The most amazing thing about an Evaporative cooler fridge is its simplicity. It is very simple to make and can be made with the use of minimal resources in third world countries. The diagram of an evaporative cooler fridge is shown below – Source: (score.uk, 2013) Construction The fridge consists of 2 cylinders. The outer cylinder can be made up of cardboard, plastic or any other material. It should have a lot of holes in it to al low the maximum access to solar energy .The inner cylinder should be made up of a good conductor of heat. Iron or steel are the best possible materials which are easily available and also good conductors of heat. The inner cylinder should not have any holes. The space between the two cylinders needs to be filled up with a material which is a good absorber of water. Sand and wool works best here. Food or any other material which needs to be kept cool should be kept in the inner cylinder. The next section explains the working of this refrigerator. Working This fridge works on the simple principle of evaporation of water and conduction of heat. In order to â€Å"start the fridge†; pour water in the space between the two cylinders. This water will be soaked by the sand. It is important to fill the space with sand in order to allow slow evaporation of water and ensure that minimum refills are required for the successful working of the refrigerator. As solar energy falls on the san d evaporation of water from the sand takes place. As water evaporates, the process of conduction of heat will ensure that heat is extracted from the inner chamber in order to help the water evaporate. This conduction of heat will keep the chamber cold and the products inside fresh. The chamber can attain temperature of up to 6 degrees. In order to ensure that the fridge keeps working, the

Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for Germany 11101 - Essay Example For example the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD (2014) noted that global FDI flows increased by 4.5% in 2013. According to Radice (2012), even though the value does not represent a very highly anticipated growth, it still gives an indication that FDIs have been growing. IMF (2013) observed that even though FDIs are largely initiated by businesses and investors, the countries involved in these FDIs, whether they are home countries or host countries have ways in which the international investments through FDIs affect them. To get a better understanding of how FDI affects a country however, Frankel (2012) advised on the need to separate outward direct investment from inward investment. A preliminary search through literature has revealed that most researchers have focused their attention about FDI on how individual companies and investors benefit or loss out from FDI (Alguacil, 2002 and Imani, 2003). This leaves very little room for discussion about how countries as entities and stakeholders in international investments are impacted by FDIs. For the few available researches that put countries on the focus, they tend to concentrate on what the countries earn by way of acting as host countries to foreign companies that invest in those countries (Meier and Stiglitz, 2012). This makes knowledge very limited on how countries are impacted by FDI when these international investments take place with the countries acting as home countries. That is, when companies or investors from one country go to other countries to invest, there are both advantages and disadvantages to their countries of origin that needs to be researched into. As Germany is considered an important globa l player in the FDI engagements, it is important that research is performed on not just how Germany is benefits from the international

Theory of Constraints Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Theory of Constraints - Research Paper Example iyahu says that, like a chain at its weakest point in any multifaceted structure at one point, it is only one aspect of the structure that restricts the given system from accomplishing its goal. Moreover, if the system needs to accomplish any noteworthy improvement then the constraint must be acknowledged and put in mind whenever the system is being managed (Dettmer, 1997). According to Ronen, 2005, Theory of Constraints philosophy is built on the premise that any organization faces at least one constraint. A constraint can be regarded as anything that blocks a particular system from attaining its goal. Constraints can show up in many ways, though a core code within the theory is that there is mostly one, which affects the given system. The two types of constraints are internal and external. Internal constraints exist when the produce is less that the market demands. On the other hand, external constraints occur when the market demand is below the systems produce (Bragg, 2007). The Theory of Constraints is made up of split, but related processes, which have dependable concepts. One distinct component is performance measures and five focusing steps. Basically, there are three key performance measurements to estimate, they include operating expense, throughput and inventory whereby the TOC insists on using them since they serve globally as compared to the local measures (Dettmer, 1997). Throughput denotes the speed at, which the system can generate money through sales and not production. In essence, no goods can be said to be assets until they are sold. Inventory is money that has been invested in goods that any firm intends to sell or any material that could be renewed into salable items. Essentially, the concepts of value added and overhead are of less importance in this case. Operating expense consists of all the money firms spend in changing inventory into throughput (Bragg, 2007). The main objective in this particular event is that the firm wants to

Your Business Structure and Corporate Business Structures Essay

Your Business Structure and Corporate Business Structures - Essay Example The decisions made are made the sole persons. (Resnicoff, 2006) The owner of the business may hire staffs to manage the business on his/her behalf. Sole proprietorship is the most available business. The first advantage of sole proprietorship is that is simple to form. It does not require a lot of formalities to form it. One can start it any time without following or filling legal formalities. The second advantage is that it is simple to manage. The owner of the business may find it easy to manage the business on his own. This reduces complications and follow-ups. It is also easy for a sole proprietorship to be sold or passed from one generation to the other. (Resnicoff, 2006) Thirdly, sole proprietorship has the tax advantage. A tax imposed on the sole proprietorship is based on the personal income. This means that the tax liability is less as compared to other forms of business. It is also easy to terminate the business. The owner of the business can terminate the business at his will. No legal formalities are required to end the business. (Resnicoff, 2006) One of the setbacks of sole proprietorship is that it is difficult to raise money. Financing institutions and banks are reluctant to fund a sole proprietor. It is also difficult for a person to get the fund from the government institution. This is a form whereby the two or more people with a common goal get into an agreement to run a business. The persons contribute money, and the profit is shared according to the agreed ratio or the contribution ratio. (Welsh, 2000) This form of business has several advantages. One of them is that it is easy for the partners to raise capital. Through their contribution, the partners can raise a lot of money easily. With partnership, taxes are not on the whole partnership but to the individual partners income. This makes the partnership have a tax advantage. The third advantage is, with different partners involved in the

Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for Germany 11101 - Essay Example For example the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD (2014) noted that global FDI flows increased by 4.5% in 2013. According to Radice (2012), even though the value does not represent a very highly anticipated growth, it still gives an indication that FDIs have been growing. IMF (2013) observed that even though FDIs are largely initiated by businesses and investors, the countries involved in these FDIs, whether they are home countries or host countries have ways in which the international investments through FDIs affect them. To get a better understanding of how FDI affects a country however, Frankel (2012) advised on the need to separate outward direct investment from inward investment. A preliminary search through literature has revealed that most researchers have focused their attention about FDI on how individual companies and investors benefit or loss out from FDI (Alguacil, 2002 and Imani, 2003). This leaves very little room for discussion about how countries as entities and stakeholders in international investments are impacted by FDIs. For the few available researches that put countries on the focus, they tend to concentrate on what the countries earn by way of acting as host countries to foreign companies that invest in those countries (Meier and Stiglitz, 2012). This makes knowledge very limited on how countries are impacted by FDI when these international investments take place with the countries acting as home countries. That is, when companies or investors from one country go to other countries to invest, there are both advantages and disadvantages to their countries of origin that needs to be researched into. As Germany is considered an important globa l player in the FDI engagements, it is important that research is performed on not just how Germany is benefits from the international

Your Business Structure and Corporate Business Structures Essay

Your Business Structure and Corporate Business Structures - Essay Example The decisions made are made the sole persons. (Resnicoff, 2006) The owner of the business may hire staffs to manage the business on his/her behalf. Sole proprietorship is the most available business. The first advantage of sole proprietorship is that is simple to form. It does not require a lot of formalities to form it. One can start it any time without following or filling legal formalities. The second advantage is that it is simple to manage. The owner of the business may find it easy to manage the business on his own. This reduces complications and follow-ups. It is also easy for a sole proprietorship to be sold or passed from one generation to the other. (Resnicoff, 2006) Thirdly, sole proprietorship has the tax advantage. A tax imposed on the sole proprietorship is based on the personal income. This means that the tax liability is less as compared to other forms of business. It is also easy to terminate the business. The owner of the business can terminate the business at his will. No legal formalities are required to end the business. (Resnicoff, 2006) One of the setbacks of sole proprietorship is that it is difficult to raise money. Financing institutions and banks are reluctant to fund a sole proprietor. It is also difficult for a person to get the fund from the government institution. This is a form whereby the two or more people with a common goal get into an agreement to run a business. The persons contribute money, and the profit is shared according to the agreed ratio or the contribution ratio. (Welsh, 2000) This form of business has several advantages. One of them is that it is easy for the partners to raise capital. Through their contribution, the partners can raise a lot of money easily. With partnership, taxes are not on the whole partnership but to the individual partners income. This makes the partnership have a tax advantage. The third advantage is, with different partners involved in the

Impact of Arrival of Television on Electioneering In England Essay Example for Free

Impact of Arrival of Television on Electioneering In England Essay INTRODUCTION The invention of television marked he beginning of a new epoch. The age of information technology made information available at the push of a button. Facts and distortion of facts are the tools of the entertainment industry. Exaggeration is the premise on which the advertizing agency works. It is confluence of the audio visual impact which is one of the most powerful influences that is experienced by the individual. It left no human endeavor untouched .The fate of democracy is determined by the elections. Television was utilized for campaigning of the candidates participating in the election. It brought about a complete revamping of the election campaign. Local issues were sidelined and an emphasis on the national campaign was     the dominant feature of the election process.[1]Mass media had completely mesmerized both the masses and the persons responsible for planning and execution of the election campaign. The recent proliferation of the media channels has led to a depletion of issues that can be aired on these channels .therefore there has been a shift from national to local politics. The impact of the television is not just limited to what is going to be at the forefront but it has led to complete overhaul of the process. The campaigns are more articulate and well planned .The concept of negative publicity has been inducted like it was done never before. The elections are loosing personal touch as there is more emphasis on the how to air the campaign. Consequently the expenditure on the elections is rising partly because of infalation and partly because the campaigns are conducted on grand scale. British Law permits each party to air its programme, policies and agendas on the national channels across England for 20 minutes without paying any tariff for putting it on air. Each party is given a maximum of five repeat telecast. HISTORY OF POLITICAL BROADCAST Political broadcasting started in Britain in 1924 on radio with a20 minute allocation time for each party. it was started on television in 1951.   It was an unpaid time slot of 15 minutes that was allocated to each party. The political broadcasts are regulated by the 1990 Broadcasting Act and the Political Parties, Elections and Referendum Act 2000.The initial directives of the act forbade that the political advertisement should not be purely political in nature. In 2001 general election the   three major political parties were given five chances to broadcast their political campaign where as the minor political parties were given one chance if they were contesting one sixth of the total seats. 5 and 10 minutes of political advertisements were replaced by 240, 340 or 440and a stricture is placed on them so that they should not violate decency and good taste. All the political electoral broadcast by various party are simultaneously aired .These are either preceded or followed by   previews and reviews by the major news paper daily and there fore the messages are a kind of reinforced. Currently there is ongoing debate on whether the system of political broadcast should be completely scraped or it should be revised with a provision of paid commercials. Since time immemorial it has been stated that effective governance is related to whether the voters have made an informed choice. It is privileged class who will try different means to gather information about the party and candidates standing in the election. The masses either do not makes a conscious effort to gather information or they rely on effortless means to gain information about the political parties. What the media is representing can differ. On the one hand it can be balanced objective on the other hand it can be preferential[2] It has been observed that commercial broadcasting system can have ulterior motives as they are there to maximize their benefits. The national broadcasting system is more conducive to producing objective information   Ã‚  about the political parties[3]. Political advertising in England is more party oriented where as in America the emphasis is on the candidate .Lot of attention is being paid to the effect of use of media in the election .It is very difficult to conclusively prove that what results it is going to produce .England is a very old democracy and all the parties have their particular image .Media cannot altogether alter the image of the party   .It can highlight the achievement of the party and it can make the manifesto more lucrative. This premise is in accordance with the earliest studies of the impact of television on the electoral outcomes by Blumler and McQuail.[4] The party campaign through the media is expected to effect the voter turn out. It can bring to the forefront various campaign issues. It can create an enthusiasm for gathering more information about the party programmes.[5]These early studies reflected that voting for political parties were a matter of class and the election campaign served very little purpose. [6]The conservative and the Labour party were dividing the voters on the basis of who did manual labour and who didn’t work with their hands i.e the managers and the employers and the middle class The voters who changed their loyalties from one party to another were primarily for a short term. It has been observed that this faction was to swing back its support to he party which it originally adhered to.   It can be said that these floating voters can be influenced by the televised transmission of the electoral campaign. This can be contended because the labour part lost three elections in a row in 1959 although the class that does manual labour constitute major chunk of the electorate. The material prosperity entailed a spread of the middle class values and hence the conservatives won the election. The messages that are aired during the political campaigns in election are not the only information available to the electorate. The long term memory of the people might be short. That doesn’t mean that the events political debates     press conferences, by- elections etc preceding the election campaign have no consequence. The election campaign through the media is of two kinds. One in which the focus is on the image building or the achievement of the party .The other kind deals with the character assassination of the opponent. If the attack broadcasting is exaggerated and is not substantiated then it can create sympathy for the opponent. The conservative party campaign nick named ‘Demon eye’ of 1997 was counter productive It created an image of Labour as leftwing radicals. The electorate had experience a moderate labour party government under the leadership of Tony Blair. A caricature of Mr. Bust and Mr. Boom was used to depict the economic condition of England .The facts that Britain had experienced a spurt in the economy in 1980 under the leadership of Thatcher. This kind of media campaign has to be used with great caution as it is either counterproductive or it does not have any effect on the target audience. If there are fractions within the party then it can bolster unity among the contending fractions. The persuasive propaganda is more useful and almost all the parties realize that it is the best way to campaign .It pays attention to detailing the ideology of the party. It is oriented on the fact that the achievement of the party is highlighted. Moreover it is presented in manner that it appears more entertaining so as to keep the audience hooked on to it. It can be proved that the parties are more interested in this positive kind of advertisement by looking at the percentage of the campaign allocated to the political advertisement. Negative references were a small and similar proportion of the total literature of all three parties: 8.7 per cent Conservative, 10.4 Labour, 9.8 per cent Liberal Democrat. The televised broadcast of the political party programmes is useful tools because the minor political parties get a chance to make themselves felt. This is true for most of the countries who have democracy and who have televised political advertisement.[7] Even .The liberal democrats were able to make themselves felt through their advocacy strategy. In 1951 the minor parties had around 10% to 3% of the vote share. This vote share increased in the 1997 and almost one fourth of the total share of the vote. There are many reasons for the increase in the vote share of the relatively new and unknown political parties like social class. Education of the voter as it determines whether it is an informed choice or not. Media especially the print media is specially tilted in favor of conservative parties IT was in the I970s that the researches were conducted and it reflected that a change had occurred in the political environment of Britain .The voters were not holding to the rigid class bias of the political parties due to the influence of the television. The other factor that is responsible for this change was the economic affluence in England as that was responsible for mitigating the gap between the rich and the poor.[8]Other researches argue that this doesn’t mean that class politics has changed rather it can be seen as both the parties are going out of favor. Heath et al argue â€Å"analysts have mistaken changes in behavior by voters for changes in their motivation without asking first whether or not the political stimulus they have received is still the same or not. They suggest, for example, that variations in the strength of the class alignment may well reflect changes in the distance between the parties on class-based issues†.[9] The voters are not taking their decisions in vacuum there are certain political and social issues that are motivating the voters to vote for apolitical parties. The short term shift in the voters preference is based on the perception of the competence of the parties,. The parties in power can effectively utilize the print as well as the television in advertizing its achievement .There have been fears that   the hegemony of the media was responsible for the conservatives winning the election as they have the hegemony over the press. It has been time and again proved television is not the sole deciding factor in determining the outcome of the election. The 1980s saw a shift from the national to regional politics .There was a variation in the voting patterns from one region to another. If television has been the main sway in the elections then the entire country should have shown a similar pattern. Local campaign did make a difference The surveys conducted by the Labour party showed that Its percentage of votes was directly related to number of people working for the party [10] Local campaign play an important role in persuading the voters to vote for a particular party. It is very difficult to find out what was the ultimate reason for voting as the preferences of an individual are shaped in the recesses of an individuals mind. Television came second in the list of what influenced the voters of the survey conducted by MORI .The regional television can be utilized to create amore local and specific advertisement for the electorate. This area has yet to be explored by the political party..   The labour party topped the list of frequency of the reference of the constituencies and it made almost 28.7 per cent of sentences referring to local provision. The Conservatives made 16.5 per cent and made the Liberal Democrats 10.2 per cent references to the local issues. This means the elections are by and large fought on national issues which are effectively transmitted through the television. The lab our party has thrice lost elections till 1997. This reflects that though they made more references to the local electoral constituencies they were unable to convert the voters in their favour. CONCLUSION It is seen that the advent of television had completely changed the way in which we look at the different issues .Things which are of relatively lesser importance can be presented in an innovative method .The election process in England has its own peculiarities.   Television didn’t bring about a complete transformation of the election process of Britain. England is one of the oldest proponents of the institution of democracy. The two major parties the lobour and conservatives have their peculiar images .Television cannot completely alter the public perception. The older generation is more difficult to mould as its ideas are set .The televised broadcasting of the party manifesto can be aimed at the youth which is more likely to change its preferences. A perceptible shift is seen in the support base of the two major political parties the Labour party was supported by the people doing manual labour and the conservatives were supported by the middle class. The class distinction was thought to be the basis of the voting pattern. Now this distinction is becoming less and less important as media and economic affluence has reduced the gap between the rich and poor.   The influence of television has backfired on the two major parties .The minor political parties have increased their vote percentage. The major beneficiary is the Liberal Democratic Party. Although it has been the pristine premise that the informed electorate   can lead to the formation of more effective and responsible government .It can be said with certainty that the voters of the present age are more informed but there is difference between having knowledge and judicious use of knowledge..The other aspect of this election scenario of England is that there is no alternative to the present parties on the national level .Even if the voter is aware of the shortcomings of the present parties, he has no choice. The voters have to choose the lesser evil. REFERENCES Blumler, Jay G. and Denis Mc Quail. 1968. Television in Politics: Its Uses and Influence. London: Faber Faber.n.p Bonham, J. (1954), The Middle Class Vote (London: Faber)pp 56-62 Butler, D. and Stokes, D (1974) Political Change in Britain(2nd. edition) pp54-78(London: Macmillan) Evans, G. Heath, A., and Payne, C. (1999), ‘Class: Labour as a Catch-All Party?’ in Evans, G. and Norris, P. (eds.), Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective n.p   (London: Sage) Kaid, Lynda Lee and John C. Tedesco. 1993. ‘A comparison of political television advertising fromthe 1992 British and American campaigns.’ Informatologia 25(1-2): 1-12 Kavanagh,   The British General Election of 2001. Basingstoke n.p: Palgrave Macmillan News on Party Images in the 1997 British General Election. British Elections and Parties Norris, 2001. Ed. Britain Votes 2001.n.p   Oxford: Oxford University Press. Norris et al .1999; Norris and Sanders 2000   pp 110-120 Sanders, David and Pippa Norris. 1998. Does Negative News Matter? The Effects of Television Semetko , holi .A 1996 The Media In Comparing democracies edited by Lawerence   Le Duc,Richard Niemaand Pippa Norris London:Sage   pp254-279 Seyd, P. P. Whiteley (2002) New Labour’s Grass Roots: The Transformation of Labour Party Membership, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.pp10-38 Zaller John2003†Anew standerd of the news quality: Burglar alarm Monitorial Citizens†Political communication20 109-130 [1] (Kavanagh, (1970). The British General Election of 2001. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan News on Party Images in the 1997 British General Election. British Elections and Parties n,p [2] Zaller John2003†Anew standerd of the news quality: Burglar alarm Monitorial Citizens†Political communication20 pp109-130 [3] Semetko , holi .A 1996 The Media In Comparing democracies edited by Lawerence   Le Duc,Richard Niemaand Pippa Norris London:Sage   pp254-279 [4] Blumler, Jay G. and Denis McQuail. 1968. Television in Politics: Its Uses and Influence. London: Faber Faber.n.p [5] Norris et al .1999; Norris and Sanders 2000   pp 110-120 [6] Bonham, J. (1954), The Middle Class Vote (London: Faber)pp 56-62 [7] Kaid, Lynda Lee and John C. Tedesco. 1993. ‘A comparison of political television advertising from the 1992 British and American campaigns.’ Informatologia 25(1-2): pp1-12 [8] Butler, D. and Stokes, D (1974) Political Change in Britain(2nd. edition) pp 54-78(London: Macmillan) [9] Evans, G. Heath, A., and Payne, C. (1999), ‘Class: Labour as a Catch-All Party?n.p Norris, P. (eds.), Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective (London: Sage)n.p [10] Seyd, P. P. Whiteley (2002) New Labour’s Grass Roots: The Transformation of Labour Party Membership, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan pp.10 38